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Side effects of vaccines are common, but people react differently to different vaccines. Manufacturers provide lists of the side effects of their products. Adverse reactions are proof of the effectiveness of vaccines and that the immune system is responding. In this study, we compare the side effects of the AstraZeneca and Pfizer vaccines. Our survey results show that the side effects of the first dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine are more common than after the first and second doses of the Pfizer vaccine. Most respondents in our survey reported at least one side-effect after the AstraZeneca and Pfizer vaccine, but these reactions were less common after the Pfizer preparation.
A survey was distributed via the internet. It was conducted among people vaccinated with Pfizer or AstraZeneca. The respondents were asked about the side effects after the first and second doses of the vaccines, such as injection site pain, arm pain, muscle pain, headache, fever, chills, and fatigue.
The questionnaire was completed cations of COVID-19 vaccines may eclipse opinions regarding their benefits. This study shows that the first dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine causes side effects more often than either dose of the Pfizer vaccine.
Side effects as a result of vaccination are not rare and are proof that the immune system is responding. However, severe adverse reactions to vaccines can be dangerous, and they engender fear. Concerns about the side effects and complications of COVID-19 vaccines may eclipse opinions regarding their benefits. This study shows that the first dose of the AstraZeneca vaccine causes side effects more often than either dose of the Pfizer vaccine.We report a case of spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, emphysema subcutaneous and pneumorrhachis, occurring in an adolescent resulting positive to SARS-CoV-2 nasopharyngeal swab. At the admission in Emergency Department, the child presented with left cervical and sternal pain, without respiratory symptoms. Radiological studies showed sizeable pneumomediastinum, bilateral apical pneumothorax, massive emphysema subcutaneous and pneumorrhachis. learn more Patients' clinical conditions stood stable during the monitoring and he only needed conservative management. To our knowledge, this is the first description of spontaneous pneumomediastinum, pneumothorax, emphysema subcutaneous and pneumorrhachis, in a COVID-19 adolescent without concomitant pneumonia.SARS-CoV-2 are enveloped RNA viruses that belong to the family Coronaviridae of genus Beta coronavirus, responsible for the COVID-19 pandemic. The mutation rate is high among RNA viruses and in particular, coronavirus replication is error prone with an estimated mutation rate of 4x10-4 nucleotide substitutions per site per year. Variants of SARS-CoV-2 have been reported from various countries like United Kingdom, South Africa, Denmark, Brazil and India. These variants evolved due to mutations in spike gene of SARS-CoV-2. The most concerning variants are Variant of Concern (VOC) 202012/01 from United Kingdom and B.1.617 variant of India. Other variants include B.1.351 lineages, cluster 5/SARS-CoV-2 variant of Denmark, 501.V2 variant/SARS-CoV-2 variant of South Africa, lineage B.1.1.248/lineage P.1 of Brazil. Mutations in S protein may result in changes in the transmissibility and virulence of SARS-CoV-2. To date, alterations in virulence or pathogenicity have been reported among the variants from many parts of the globe. In our opinion, since the S protein is significantly altered, the suitability of existing vaccine specifically targeting the S protein of SARS-CoV-2 variants is a major concern. The mutations in SARS-CoV-2 are a continuous and evolving process that may result in the transformation of naïve SARS-CoV-2 into totally new subsets of antigenically different SARS-CoV-2 viruses over a period of time.
Celiac disease (CD) is an autoimmune disorder, characterized by increased susceptibility to bacterial and viral infections. Therefore, the CD patients could be exposed to an increased risk of contracting SARS-CoV-2, a virus for which the WHO declared a pandemic status in March 2020. This study aims to investigate the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in CD patients, to assess the impact of CD on the risk of contracting this virus.
This retrospective multicentric cohort study evaluated 542 celiac patients, who answered a questionnaire concerning both the underlying disease (adherence to the gluten-free diet, residual symptoms) and the possible SARS-CoV-2 infection (swab outcome, presence and characteristics of symptoms and type of treatment received), referring to the period between 20th January 2020 and 27th October 2020.
Five patients (0.92%) tested positive; of these, 2 were asymptomatic and 3 developed symptoms of COVID-19. The incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in CD patients was not significantly different from the general population. The ratio of positive/diagnostic swabs tends to be higher in CD patients than in the general population (IR 0.15; 0.06; p=0.06), whereas the number of subjects who performed the swab in this group is significantly lower (IR 0.06; 0.15; p<0.001).
Although CD patients are more susceptible to infections, the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in our sample was not significantly different from the general population. However, the positive/diagnostic swabs ratio seems to be higher, probably also due to the lower number of patients tested.
Although CD patients are more susceptible to infections, the incidence of SARS-CoV-2 infection in our sample was not significantly different from the general population. However, the positive/diagnostic swabs ratio seems to be higher, probably also due to the lower number of patients tested.
New fentanyl analogues have been constantly emerging into the illegal drug market as cheap substitutes of heroin posing a serious health threat for consumers because of their high toxicity. Analytical methods to disclose the presence of these compounds in biological fluids of intoxicated individuals need to be updated to keep up with the new trends. In this study, we updated an ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method previously developed, for detecting some new fentanyl analogues and metabolites (sufentanil and norsufentanil, cis-3-methylnorfentanyl, trans-3-methylnorfentanyl, metabolites of cis and transmethylfentanyl, beta-phenylfentanyl, phenylfentanyl, para-fluoro furanyl fentanyl, isobutyryl fentanyl and ocfentanil) in urine sample.
Urine samples were simply diluted before injection in the chromatograph equipped with a reversed phase microcolumn. Detection was achieved with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with an electrospray ionization source in positive ion mode and operated in multiple reaction monitoring.
The chromatographic separation was short (5 min) and the method was fully validated with a high sensitivity being limits of quantifications from 0.003 to 0.006 µg/L urine for the analytes under investigation.
The suitability of the method was tested with urine specimens from former heroin addicts, which resulted positive by immunological screening to the class of fentanyl analogues. This method represents a valid tool to document recent exposure to the above-reported compounds for clinical and forensic purposes.
The suitability of the method was tested with urine specimens from former heroin addicts, which resulted positive by immunological screening to the class of fentanyl analogues. This method represents a valid tool to document recent exposure to the above-reported compounds for clinical and forensic purposes.
Cyclophosphamide (CYP), methotrexate (MTX) and 5-fluorouracil (5-FU) (CMF) are chemotherapeutic agents known to cause acute and long-term cognitive impairment in cancer patients. Cognitive function is regulated mainly by neuronal circuitry in the brain, especially the cortex and hippocampus as well as other components of the limbic area. Neuroinflammation mediated by proinflammatory cytokines is a well-known cause of cognitive impairment. Our previous study showed that metformin induced cognitive impairment and neuroinflammation in CMF-treated rats. Understanding the effects and mechanisms of CMF and MET treatment on chemotherapy-related cognitive impairment and the relationship with neuroinflammation may help prevent some of the adverse effects of this type of chemotherapy in cancer patients.
Rats were divided into four groups control (normal saline), CMF (50 mg/kg CYP, 2 mg/kg MTX, 50 mg/kg 5-FU; two doses administered by intraperitoneal injection over two weeks), MET (2.5 mg/ml - oral administration daily), and CMF+MET group. IL-1α, IRS-1, Akt-a and TNF-α levels in brain tissues were measured by ELISA and data were analyzed by one-way ANOVA test followed by Tukey's test.
Compared with the control group, IL-1α levels were significantly increased in the CMF+MET group, whereas there were no significant differences in the MET and CMF groups. On the other hand, IRS-1, TNF-α and Akt-a expression and mitochondrial complex 1 activity indicated that systemic CMF and MET treatment did not change the expression of these proteins in the brain compared to the control group.
Our results indicate that cognitive function is impaired by the administration of two doses of CMF and MET over a period of two weeks as a result of IL-1α overexpression in the brain.
Our results indicate that cognitive function is impaired by the administration of two doses of CMF and MET over a period of two weeks as a result of IL-1α overexpression in the brain.
Myocardial infarction (MI) is one of the most important causes of death. MI-related tissue loss and cardiac remodeling may result in heart failure. Intramyocardial injection of mesenchymal stem cells derived from adipose tissues, in acute MI animal models, has shown promising regenerative capabilities. This study aimed to investigate the myocardial regenerative capacity of epicardial adipose tissue-derived mesenchymal stem cells (ADSCs) in a rabbit model of MI.
A rabbit model of MI was performed in three groups a sham-operated group, a control group, and a treatment group. MI was induced by coronary artery ligation via thoracotomy in the first operation. Four weeks after the first operation, intramyocardial injections of phosphate-buffered saline (PBS; control group) or ADSCs (10×106 in 100 μL; treatment group) were performed in the peri-infarct zone. Four weeks after the second operation, rabbits were sacrificed for further analysis.
A significant increase in ejection fraction (p<0.0001) was detected in the treatment group, along with a significant increase in vascular density (p<0.001) and a significant decrease in infarct size (p<0.05) compared to the control group.
Epicardial adipose tissue is a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells, which can differentiate into cardiomyocytes, as well as having neoangiogenic properties. Due to its potential to ameliorate chronic ischemic changes in the heart, it may be preferable in cardiac regenerative cell therapies.
Epicardial adipose tissue is a rich source of mesenchymal stem cells, which can differentiate into cardiomyocytes, as well as having neoangiogenic properties. Due to its potential to ameliorate chronic ischemic changes in the heart, it may be preferable in cardiac regenerative cell therapies.
