Masonkokholm3281
Traumatic injuries of the central nervous system (CNS) are followed by the accumulation of cellular debris including proteins and lipids from myelinated fiber tracts. Insufficient phagocytic clearance of myelin debris influences the pathological process because it induces inflammation and blocks axonal regeneration. We investigated whether ligands of nuclear receptor families retinoic acid receptors (RARs), retinoid X receptors, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors, lipid X receptors, and farnesoid X receptors increase myelin phagocytosis by murine bone marrow-derived macrophages and Raw264.7 cells. Using in vitro assays with 3,3'-dioctadecyloxacarbocyanine perchlorate- and pHrodo-labeled myelin we found that the transcriptional activator all-trans retinoic acid (RA)enhanced endocytosis of myelin involving the induction of tissue transglutaminase-2. The RAR-dependent increase of phagocytosis was not associated with changes in gene expression of receptors FcγR1, FcγR2b, FcγR3, TREM2, DAP12, CR3, or MerTK. The combination of RA and myelin exposure significantly reduced the expression of M1 marker genes inducible nitric oxide synthase and interleukin-1β and increased expression of transmembrane proteins CD36 and ABC-A1, which are involved in lipid transport and metabolism. The present results suggest an additional mechanism for therapeutic applications of RA after CNS trauma. It remains to be studied whether endogenous RA-signaling regulates phagocytosis in vivo.
Current guidelines endorse shared decision making (SDM) for prostate-specific antigen (PSA) screening. The relationship between a patient's health literacy (HL) and SDM remains unclear. In the current study, the authors sought to identify the impact of HL on the rates of PSA screening and on the relationship between HL and SDM following the 2012 US Preventive Services Task Force recommendations against PSA screening.
Using data from the 2016 Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System, the authors examined PSA screening in the 13 states that administered the optional "Health Literacy" module. click here Men aged ≥50 years were examined. Complex samples multivariable logistic regression models were computed to assess the odds of undergoing PSA screening. The interactions between HL and SDM were also examined.
A weighted sample of 12.249 million men with a rate of PSA screening of 33.4% were identified. Approximately one-third self-identified as having optimal HL. Rates of PSA screening were found to be highest amonguce the screening-promoting effect of SDM. These findings highlight the dynamic interplay between HL and SDM that should inform the creation and promulgation of SDM guidelines, specifically when considering patients with low HL.
The prevalence of opiate use among pregnant women can range from 1% to 2% to as high as 21%. Just in the United States alone, among pregnant women with hospital delivery, a fourfold increase in opioid use is reported from 1999 to 2014 (Haight 2018). Heroin crosses the placenta, and pregnant, opiate-dependent women experience a six-fold increase in maternal obstetric complications such as low birth weight, toxaemia, third trimester bleeding, malpresentation, puerperal morbidity, fetal distress and meconium aspiration. Neonatal complications include narcotic withdrawal, postnatal growth deficiency, microcephaly, neuro-behavioural problems, increased neonatal mortality and a 74-fold increase in sudden infant death syndrome. This is an updated version of the original Cochrane Review first published in 2008 and last updated in 2013.
To assess the effectiveness of any maintenance treatment alone or in combination with a psychosocial intervention compared to no intervention, other pharmacological intervention or body of evidence is too small to make firm conclusions about the equivalence of the treatments compared. There is still a need for randomised controlled trials of adequate sample size comparing different maintenance treatments.
To explore the impact of temporal motion-induced coil sensitivity changes on CEST-MRI at 7T and its correction using interleaved volumetric EPI navigators, which are applied for real-time motion correction.
Five healthy volunteers were scanned via CEST. A 4-fold correction pipeline allowed the mitigation of (1) motion, (2) motion-induced coil sensitivity variations,
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, (3) motion-induced static magnetic field inhomogeneities, ΔB
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. Four CEST measurements were performed per session. For the first 2, motion correction was turned OFF and then ON in absence of voluntary motion, whereas in the other 2 controlled head rotations were performed. During post-processing
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was removed additionally for the motion-corrend without intended head rotations.
Temporal
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cause significant CEST quantification bias. The presented correction pipeline including the proposed retrospective
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correction significantly reduced motion-related artifacts on CEST-MRI.
Temporal Δ B 1 - cause significant CEST quantification bias. The presented correction pipeline including the proposed retrospective Δ B 1 - correction significantly reduced motion-related artifacts on CEST-MRI.There are inconsistencies between the formulas for the variance of standardized mean difference (SMD) in the Cochrane Handbook for Systematic Reviews and the variance reported in other sources. Instead of the variance appropriate for the SMD of a crossover experiment, the Cochrane Handbook uses the variance appropriate for a pre-test post-test experiment. This means that if there is a non-negligible time period effect, the formula reported by the Handbook will underestimate both the effect size and its variance. In addition, the formula for the standard error of SMD reported in the Cochrane Handbook (in section 23.2.7.2) is inconsistent with the variance derived from the variance of the related t-test. Even if the period effect is negligible, the Cochrane Handbook formula is biased toward underestimates. The difference between the estimates from the two formulas will be small if either the correlation between the repeated measures, or the magnitude of the SMD estimate, is small, or if the sample size is large. However, it can be can be quite substantial in other circumstances.Cluster randomized designs are frequently employed in pragmatic clinical trials which test interventions in the full spectrum of everyday clinical settings in order to maximize applicability and generalizability. In this study, we propose to directly incorporate pragmatic features into power analysis for cluster randomized trials with count outcomes. The pragmatic features considered include arbitrary randomization ratio, overdispersion, random variability in cluster size, and unequal lengths of follow-up over which the count outcome is measured. The proposed method is developed based on generalized estimating equation (GEE) and it is advantageous in that the sample size formula retains a closed form, facilitating its implementation in pragmatic trials. We theoretically explore the impact of various pragmatic features on sample size requirements. An efficient Jackknife algorithm is presented to address the problem of underestimated variance by the GEE sandwich estimator when the number of clusters is small. We assess the performance of the proposed sample size method through extensive simulation and an application example to a real clinical trial is presented.Nitrogen mustard (NM) causes acute lung injury, which progresses to fibrosis. This is associated with a macrophage-dominant inflammatory response and the production of proinflammatory/profibrotic mediators, including tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α). Herein, we refined magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and computed tomography (CT) imaging methodologies to track the progression of NM-induced lung injury in rodents and assess the efficacy of anti-TNF-α antibody in mitigating toxicity. Anti-TNF-α antibody was administered to rats (15 mg/kg, every 8 days, intravenously) beginning 30 min after treatment with phosphate-buffered saline control or NM (0.125 mg/kg, intratracheally). Animals were imaged by MRI and CT prior to exposure and 1-28 days postexposure. Using MRI, we characterized acute lung injury and fibrosis by quantifying high-signal lung volume, which represents edema, inflammation, and tissue consolidation; these pathologies were found to persist for 28 days following NM exposure. CT scans were used to assess structural components of the lung and to register changes in tissue radiodensities. CT scans showed that in control animals, total lung volume increased with time. Treatment of rats with NM caused loss of lung volume; anti-TNF-α antibody mitigated this decrease. These studies demonstrate that MRI and CT can be used to monitor lung disease and the impact of therapeutic intervention.
To investigate the relationship between amyloid-β- and tau-based Alzheimer's disease (AD) pathologies assessed using positron emission tomography imaging and neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in a sample of AD continuum including clinically normal subjects and patients with mild cognitive impairment or AD.
We analyzed datasets of the Alzheimer's disease Neuroimaging Initiative and included amyloid-positive subjects who underwent an AV-45 scan within 1 year of an AV-1451 scan (n = 99). Correlation between standardized uptake value ratio (SUVR) of AV-45 and AV-1451 and the Neuropsychiatric Inventory (NPI) score (and its four domain subscores for hyperactivity, psychosis, affective, and apathy) was evaluated. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was used to examine the influence of SUVRs on the presence of NPS. SUVRs were also tested for their ability to discriminate the group with NPS using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analyses.
Significant positive relationships were found between the tottoms in the early stage of AD.We describe the timely adaption of both published WHO E-gene protocol and commercially available LightMix Modular E-gene assay to the test platform (ABI 7900 Fast real-time analyzer and TaqMan Fast One-step Virus Master Mix) available in an accredited tertiary hospital laboratory with an on-going evaluation to ensure the provision of quality service within the time constraint. The LightMix Modular E-gene was slightly more sensitive when compared to the WHO E-gene, both analytically and diagnostically. The assay was recommended for screening of SARS-CoV-2 infection. With the availability of technically competent staff through continuous training, the provision of round-the-clock service is feasible despite the test is of high complexity. The thermal cycling duration of the adapted LightMix E-gene and WHO E-gene is shortened by half and one hour respectively and allows the number of runs to double when 24-h round-the-clock service is provided. An increase in testing capacity could support surges in testing demand, which is essential to control the current SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, to prevent potential overwhelming of the healthcare system, and to optimize utilization of the isolation beds.
