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Optimizing Performance Through Intrinsic Motivation and Attention for Learning (OPTIMAL) Theory proposes that choices of any kind support an individual's need for autonomy, motivating them to learn and perform motor skills more effectively. Notably, the authors suggest asking learners to choose when to receive feedback in order to increase autonomy. Conversely, the guidance hypothesis predicts an impact of feedback schedule independent of motivational influences. The purpose of this experiment was to compare the relative and combined effects of autonomy and feedback schedule for the acquisition of a golf putting task without vision of results. click here Autonomy support (autonomy support vs. yoked) and knowledge of results (KR) schedule (100%-KR vs. 50%-faded-KR) were combined in a 2 × 2 factorial design. Participants (N = 56) in the autonomy support groups were asked to choose from three colours of golf balls for each putt during 10 acquisition blocks. Yoked groups were yoked to the golf ball colour choices of their autonomy support group counterparts. Participants in the 100%-feedback schedule groups were provided x- and y-coordinate KR following every putt during acquisition, while participants in the 50%-faded groups received KR after half of their putts, with feedback frequency decreasing over acquisition blocks. All participants completed a 24-h delayed retention and transfer test without KR. The results were somewhat consistent with OPTIMAL Theory yet the effects were not statistically significant and trivially small. The results were inconsistent with the guidance hypothesis.During walking older adults' gait is slower, they take shorter steps, and rely less on ankle and more on knee and hip joint moments and powers compared to young adults. Previous studies have suggested that walking speed and step length are confounds that affect joint moments and powers. Our purpose was to examine the effects of walking speed and step length manipulation on net joint moments and powers in young and older adults. Sixteen young and 18 older adults completed walking trials at three speeds under three step length conditions as marker position and force platform data were captured synchronously. Net joint moments were quantified using inverse dynamics and were subsequently used to compute net joint powers. Average extensor moments at each joint during the stance phase were then computed. Older adults displayed greater knee extensor moment compared to young adults. Older adults showed trends (p less then .10) of having lower ankle and higher hip moments, but these differences were not statistically significant. Average ankle, knee, and hip extensor moments increased with speed and step length. At the fast speed, older compared to young adults generated lower average ankle power (p = .003) and showed a trend (p = .056) of exerting less average moment at the ankle joint. Age-associated distal-to-proximal redistribution of net joint moments was diminished and not statistically significant when the confounding effects of walking speed and relative step length were controlled. These findings imply that age-related distal-to-proximal redistribution of joint moments may influence the different speeds and step lengths chosen by young and older adults.Postural control continues to develop during middle childhood as shown by the decrease in body sway in stance between the ages of 5 and 11. Although head and trunk control is crucial for balance control during both static and dynamic activities, evaluating its specific development and its contribution to overall postural control is methodologically challenging. Here, we used an unstable sitting device adapted to ensure that only the axial segments could control the balance of the device and thus the balance of the upper body. This study aimed to assess the development of the postural stabilization of axial body segments during middle childhood. Thirty-six children (in three age groups 6-7yo, 8-9yo, and 10-11yo) and 11 adults sat on the unstable sitting device and had to stabilize their axial segments under several conditions a moderate vs. high level of balance challenge, and eyes open vs. eyes closed. Upper-body postural sway (area, mean velocity and root mean square (RMS) of the center of pressure (CoP) displacement) decreased progressively with age (6-7yo > 8-9yo > 10-11yo > adults), and this effect was accentuated when the balance challenge was high (for CoP area) or in the "eyes closed" condition (for CoP area and RMS). The stabilization strategies were assessed by anchoring indexes computed from three-dimensional kinematics. A progressive shift was showed, from an "en bloc" pattern at 6-7 years of age toward a more articulated (i.e. adult-like) pattern at 10-11. A head-on-space stabilization strategy first emerged at the age of 8-9. Middle childhood is an important period for the development of axial segment stabilization, which continues to mature until adulthood. This development might be related to the introduction and progressive mastery of feedforward sensorimotor processes and might contribute strongly to the development of overall postural control.Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is an important risk factor for development of tuberculosis (TB). Our previous study showed glibenclamide, an anti-diabetic drug used to control blood glucose concentration, reduced interleukin (IL)-8 secretion from primary human monocytes challenged with M. tuberculosis (Mtb). In mice infected with Mtb, IL-1β is essential for host resistance through the enhancement of cyclooxygenase that limits excessive Type I interferon (IFN) production and fosters Mtb containment. We hypothesize that glibenclamide may also interfere with monocyte mediated immune responses against Mtb and alter the balance between IL-1β and IFNα-mediated immunity. Purified monocytes from non-diabetic and diabetic individuals were infected with Mtb or M. bovis BCG. We demonstrate that monocytes from diabetes patients who were being treated with glibenclamide showed reduced IL-1β and IL-8 secretion when exposed to Mtb. Additionally, these responses also occurred when monocytes from non-diabetic individuals were pre-treated with glibenclamide in vitro. Moreover, this pre-treatment enhanced IFNa1 expression but was not involved with prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) expression in response to Mtb infection. Taken together, our data show that glibenclamide might exacerbate susceptibility of diabetes patients to Mtb infection by reducing IL-1β and IL-8 production by monocytes.Pleural fluid (PF) immune response in anergic tuberculous pleural effusion (TPE) patients is poorly understood. This study aimed to compare PF biochemical parameters and chemokine levels between anergic and non-anergic TPE patients. Chemokine arrays, cytokine measurements, and flow cytometry were performed in 58 patients (TPE [non-anergic (n = 32) and anergic (n = 10)] and malignant pleural effusion (MPE) [n = 16]). PF adenosine deaminase 2 (ADA2) levels were significantly lower in anergic TPE patients than in non-anergic TPE patients (p = 0.048). Among the 40 chemokines tested, PF CCL27 levels were significantly higher in anergic TPE patients than in non-anergic TPE and MPE patients (p less then 0.001). The percentage of CD4+CCR10+T cells in PF was higher in anergic TPE patients than in non-anergic TPE and MPE patients (p = 0.001). We reported here that CCL27/CCR10 interactions might contribute to pathophysiology in anergic TPE. PF CCL27 and CD4+CCR10+T cells may help in diagnosing TPE in patients with moderate elevation of PF ADA levels.Ambient radioactivity and atmospheric electricity are inextricably linked phenomena. In order to assess the role of ambient radioactivity in the local variability of the atmospheric electric field at an urban site, simultaneous measurements of radon concentration, gamma radiation, and atmospheric electric field are carried out in the city of Porto, Portugal. Both radon and gamma radiation display an average daily cycle peaking before sunrise, but with considerable variability from day to day, particularly in amplitude. The atmospheric electric field displays a daily cycle with a minimum at dawn and maximum in the early afternoon, as well as a secondary peak in the early morning. The temporal variation of the daily patterns is analysed by means of an empirical orthogonal function analysis, and related to local meteorological parameters. The variability of the local atmospheric electric field is mainly determined by aerosol transport and accumulation close to the surface associated with local meteorological conditions and atmospheric stability rather than by conductivity variations associated with ambient radioactivity.This paper presents the results of radioecological monitoring study of natural radionuclide 210Po in 11 lakes located in different regions of the Crimean peninsula. These investigations of the Crimean salt lakes were conducted for the first time in the history. The main objectives of this work were to determine the features of the 210Ро behavior in the salt lakes ecosystems, as well as calculation of the doses received by the lakes hydrobionts from α-radiation of absorbed 210Po. Concentrations of 210Po in the water, suspended matter, the bottom sediments and biota were determined by radiochemical processing and α-spectroscopy measurements. The concentrations of dissolved 210Po in the water of investigated lakes were in 0.9-327.1 times higher than in the Black Sea closest regions. The highest concentrations of 210Po in water were determined in the lakes of the Kerchenskaya group. These lakes are located on the territory of Crimea where oil is produced. The 210Ро activity concentrations in the bottom sediments of lots of species of hydrobionts, such as hypersaline Crimean lakes.Assessing the impact of radioactive iodine on humans subsequent to a nuclear accident requires a better understanding of its behaviour in the environment. An original approach aimed at developing a model constrained by data collected during experimental campaigns has been developed. These experimental campaigns, named MIOSEC 2 and MIOSEC 3 respectively, were conducted in the middle of grassland. They are based on emissions of gaseous elemental iodine (I2) into the atmosphere above the grassland to determine the dry deposition velocities of iodine on the grass and to model these velocities as a function of the environmental conditions, particularly wind friction velocity, sensible heat flux, and stomatal resistance. The measured dry deposition velocities were between 0.02 and 0.49 cm s-1 during MIOSEC 2, varying by more than one order of magnitude, and between 0.48 and 1.25 cm s-1 during MIOSEC 3. The dry deposition model for iodine developed as a result of these experiments relies on the micrometeorological characteristics of the atmospheric surface layer, the pertinent physical and chemical properties of the iodine and the surface properties of the grass; all these parameters were measured at the time of the experiments. Given the experimental conditions, the modelled dry deposition velocities varied between 0.11 and 0.51 cm s-1 during MIOSEC 2 and between 0.31 and 1.6 cm s-1 during MIOSEC 3. The dry deposition model for iodine indicates that the variations in deposition velocity are induced by the mechanical turbulence, since there is significant correlation between the dry deposition velocities of iodine and the wind friction velocities on grass. The model also shows that the higher deposition velocity values during MIOSEC 3 are due to the fact that the stomata were more open during the experiments. There is also significant correlation between the experimental results and modelled values both for MIOSEC 2 (R2 = 0.61) and for MIOSEC 3 (R2 = 0.71).