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now creating an ALS-CRLI Toolkit that will facilitate ALS-CRLIs throughout the world. This will be housed on the Northeast ALS Consortium website.Background Repeated assessment of cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) improves mortality risk predictions in apparently healthy adults. Accordingly, the American Heart Association suggests routine clinical assessment of CRF using, at a minimum, nonexercise prediction equations. However, the accuracy of nonexercise prediction equations over time is unknown. Therefore, we compared the ability of nonexercise prediction equations to detect changes in directly measured CRF. Methods and Results The sample included 987 apparently healthy adults from the BALL ST (Ball State Adult Fitness Longitudinal Lifestyle Study) cohort (33% women; average age, 43.1±10.4 years) who completed 2 cardiopulmonary exercise tests ≥3 months apart (3.2±5.4 years of follow-up). The change in estimated CRF (eCRF) from 27 distinct nonexercise prediction equations was compared with the change in directly measured CRF. Analysis included Pearson product moment correlations, SEE values, intraclass correlation coefficient values, Cohen's κ coefficients, γ coefficients, and the Benjamini-Hochberg procedure to compare eCRF with directly measured CRF. The change in eCRF from 26 of 27 equations was significantly associated to the change in directly measured CRF (P less then 0.001), with intraclass correlation coefficient values ranging from 0.06 to 0.63. For 16 of the 27 equations, the change in eCRF was significantly different from the change in directly measured CRF. The median percentage of participants correctly classified as having increased, decreased, or no change in CRF was 56% (range, 39%-61%). Conclusions Variability was observed in the accuracy between nonexercise prediction equations and the ability of equations to detect changes in CRF. Considering the appreciable error that prediction equations had with detecting even directional changes in CRF, these results suggest eCRF may have limited clinical utility.The recently emerged novel coronavirus, "severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)", caused a highly contagious disease called coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19). The virus was first reported from Wuhan city in China in December, 2019, which in less than three months spread throughout the globe and was declared a global pandemic by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11th of March, 2020. So far, the ongoing pandemic severely damaged the world's most developed countries and is becoming a major threat for low- and middle-income countries. The poorest continent, Africa with the most vulnerable populations to infectious diseases, is predicted to be significantly affected by the ongoing COVID-19 outbreak. Therefore, in this review we collected and summarized the currently available literature on the epidemiology, etiology, vulnerability, preparedness and economic impact of COVID-19 in Africa, which could be useful and provide necessary information on ongoing COVID-19 pandemics in the continent. We also briefly summarized the concomitance of the COVID-19 pandemic and global warming.The present study investigated stability and change in materialism in emerging adulthood as well as the predictive roles of socioeconomic status (SES) and gender on the development of materialistic values. Indicator-specific latent state-trait growth models were applied to four-wave longitudinal data from a sample of 738 Chinese college students. The results showed that materialism was stable 67% to 86% of the variance in the reliable interindividual differences in materialism was due to trait factors. In addition, materialism showed an increasing trajectory over the college years, and this developmental trend could not be attributed to measurement artifacts or confounding influences. Moreover, low family SES magnified the increase in materialism, whereas being female predicted lower initial levels of materialism. Collectively, these findings illustrate the nature and antecedents of the development of materialism in emerging adulthood.Objectives Relatively little is known about how health-care utilization differs among individuals with psychological distress compared to those with major depressive disorder (MDD). Methods Ontario participants of the Canadian Community Health Survey Cycle 1.2 (2002) were linked to health administrative data to follow their health-care utilization patterns for up to 15 years. Based on their survey responses, we classified individuals hierarchically into Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition, criteria MDD, psychological distress (Kessler-6 8 to 24), or an unexposed group with neither condition. ANA12 We compared the rates of outpatient and acute care mental and nonmental health-related visits across the 3 groups over time using Poisson regression. Results Among the 668 individuals with MDD, 430 with psychological distress, and 9,089 in the unexposed group, individuals with MDD and psychological distress had higher rates of health-care utilization than the unexposed overall and across time. The rates of psychiatrist visits for the MDD group were significantly higher than the other groups initially but declined over the follow-up. Conversely, the rates of psychiatrist visits among the psychological distress group increased over time and converged with that of the MDD group by the end of follow-up (rate ratioMDD vs. psychological distress at 1 year 4.20 [1.97 to 11.40]; at 15 years 1.53 [0.54 to 4.08]). Acute care visits were similar between the MDD and psychological distress groups at all time points. Conclusions Individuals with psychological distress required mental health care rivalling that of individuals with MDD over time, suggesting that even a cross-sectional assessment of significant psychological distress is a serious clinical concern.Not applicable.Objectives A common understanding of the term "vulnerable populations" in the European agricultural context is needed. Therefore, the purpose of this paper was to identify vulnerable populations working in European agriculture. Methods Participatory dialogue with members of the Safety Culture and Risk Management in Agriculture (SACURIMA) network was used to identify and build consensus on the major vulnerable groups of people who work in European agriculture. Results Five groups of vulnerable people were identified, which included (1) foreign-born farmworkers (including both immigrants and refugees); (2) migrant and seasonal farmworkers; (3) beginning farmers (those with less then 5 years of experience); (4) farm families (including women, children, and older adults), and (5) farmers and farmworkers who have physical, mental health, or intellectual disabilities. Conclusion By developing a consistent understanding of vulnerable populations working in European agriculture, we can promote consistency in health and safety messaging, measurement of health and safety constructs, and implementation and dissemination of health and safety programs and information.