Russohegelund8540

e., "neodomestication". To utilize the Oryza genus for crop improvement and neodomestication, we first need a set of genomic resources that can be used to efficiently identify, capture, and guide molecular crop improvement. Here, we introduce the concept of platinum standard reference genome sequences (PSRefSeq) - a new standard by which contiguous near-gap free reference genomes can now be produced. By having a set of PSRefSeqs for every Oryza species we set a new bar for how crop wild relatives can be integrated into crop improvement programs.Alternative splicing (AS) plays pivotal roles in regulating plant growth and development, flowering, biological rhythms, signal transduction, and stress responses. However, no studies on AS have been performed in Liriodendron chinense, a deciduous tree species that has high economic and ecological value. In this study, we used multiple tools and algorithms to analyze transcriptome data derived from seven tissues via hybrid sequencing. Although only 17.56% (8,503/48,408) of genes in L. chinense were alternatively spliced, these AS genes occurred in 37,844 AS events. Selleck VVD-214 Among these events, intron retention was the most frequent AS event, producing 1,656 PTC-containing and 3,310 non-PTC-containing transcripts. Moreover, 183 long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) also underwent AS events. Furthermore, weighted gene coexpression network analysis (WGCNA) revealed that there were great differences in the activities of transcription and post-transcriptional regulation between pistils and leaves, and AS had an impact on many phys chinense.The flower color of many horticultural plants fades from red to white during the development stages, affecting ornamental value. We selected Malus halliana, a popular ornamental species, and analyzed the mechanisms of flower color fading using RNA sequencing. Forty-seven genes related to anthocyanin biosynthesis and two genes related to anthocyanin transport were identified; the expression of most of these genes declined dramatically with flower color fading, consistent with the change in the anthocyanin content. A number of transcription factors that might participate in anthocyanin biosynthesis were selected and analyzed. A phylogenetic tree was used to identify the key transcription factor. Using this approach, we identified MhMYB10 as directly regulating anthocyanin biosynthesis. MhMYB10 expression was strongly downregulated during flower development and was significantly positively related to the expression of anthocyanin biosynthetic genes and anthocyanin content in diverse varieties of Malus. To analyze the methylation level during flower development, the MhMYB10 promoter sequence was divided into 12 regions. The methylation levels of the R2 and R8 increased significantly as flower color faded and were inversely related to MhMYB10 expression and anthocyanin content. Therefore, we deduce that the increasing methylation activities of these two regions repressed MhMYB10 expression.Regeneration of transgenic plants without selectable markers can facilitate the development and commercialization of trait stacking products. A wide range of strategies have been developed to eliminate selectable markers to produce marker-free transgenic plants. The most widely used marker free approach is probably the Agrobacterium-based 2 T-DNA strategy where the gene-of-interest (GOI) and selectable marker gene are delivered from independent T-DNAs (Darbani et al., 2007). The selectable marker gene is segregated away from the GOI in subsequent generations. However, the efficiency of this 2 T-DNA system is much less than the traditional 1 T-DNA system due to the inefficiency of T-DNA co-transformation and high rate of con-integration between the GOI and selectable marker gene T-DNAs. In contrast, no selection transformation utilizes a single T-DNA carrying the GOI and thus eliminates the need to remove the selectable marker insert and potentially provides a viable alternative marker-free system. In this study, we reported the successful regeneration of transgenic cotton plants through Agrobacterium inoculation of seed meristem explants without the use of selective agents. Regeneration of putative transgenic plants were identified by GUS histo-chemical assay. The germline transmission of transgene to progeny was determined by segregation of pollen grains, immature embryos and T1 plants by GUS expression. The results were further confirmed by Southern analyses. The marker-free transformation frequency in this no selection system was similar to current meristem transformation system with selection (0.2%-0.7%). The strategy for further improvement of this system and its implication in improving cotton transformation pipeline and in developing transgene-free genome editing technology is discussed.Black soldier fly frass fertilizer (BSFFF) is increasingly gaining momentum worldwide as organic fertilizer. However, research on its performance on crop production remains largely unknown. Here, we evaluate the comparative performance of BSFFF and commercial organic fertilizer (SAFI) on maize (H513) production. Both fertilizers were applied at the rates of 0, 2.5, 5, and 7.5 t ha-1, and 0, 30, 60, and 100 kg nitrogen (N) ha-1. Mineral fertilizer (urea) was also applied at 0, 30, 60 and 100 kg N ha-1 to establish the N fertilizer equivalence (NFE) of the organic fertilizers. Maize grown in plots treated with BSFFF had the tallest plants and highest chlorophyll concentrations. Plots treated with 7.5 t ha-1 of BSFFF had 14% higher grain yields than plots treated with a similar rate of SAFI. There was a 27% and 7% increase in grain yields in plots treated with 100 kg N ha-1 of BSFFF compared to those treated with equivalent rates of SAFI and urea fertilizers, respectively. Application of BSFFF at 7.5 t ha-1 significantly increased N uptake by up to 23% compared to the equivalent rate of SAFI. Likewise, application of BSFFF at 100 kg N ha-1 increased maize N uptake by 76% and 29% compared to SAFI and urea, respectively. Maize treated with BSFFF at 2.5 t ha-1 and 30 kg N ha-1 had higher nitrogen recovery efficiencies compared to equivalent rates of SAFI. The agronomic N use efficiency (AEN) of maize treated with 2.5 t ha-1 of BSFFF was 2.4 times higher than the value achieved using an equivalent rate of SAFI. Also, the AEN of maize grown using 30 kg N ha-1 was 27% and 116% higher than the values obtained using equivalent rates of SAFI and urea fertilizers, respectively. The NFE of BSFFF (108%) was 2.5 times higher than that of SAFI. Application rates of 2.5 t ha-1 and 30 kg N ha-1 of BSFFF were found to be effective in improving maize yield, while double rates of SAFI were required. Our findings demonstrate that BSFFF is a promising and sustainable alternative to commercial fertilizers for increased maize production.