Saundersblanton5598

We also argue for a contextual rather than invariant activation of motor information in object processing tasks and discuss the implications of this view on theories of object conceptual representation. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).To coordinate the redundant degrees of freedom (DOF) in the action system, synergies are often proposed. Synergies organize DOF in temporary task-specific units emerging from interactions among task, organism, and environmental constraints. We examined whether task constraints affect synergies, end-effector kinematics, or both. To this end, we compared synergies and end-effector kinematics when participants (N = 15) performed discrete movements of identical amplitude in manual reaching (stationary targets) and manual lateral interception (moving targets, with different angles of approach). We found that time-velocity profiles were roughly symmetric in reaching, whereas they had a longer decelerative tail and showed an angle-of-approach effect in interception. Uncontrolled manifold analyses showed that in all conditions joint angle variability was primarily covariation, indicating a synergistic organization. The analysis on the clusters of joint angle configurations demonstrated differences between reaching and interception synergies, whereas more similar synergies were used within interception conditions. This implies that some task constraints operate at the level of synergies while other task constraints only affect end-effector kinematics. Tamoxifen datasheet The results support a 2-step process in the organization of DOF, consisting of synergy formation and further constraining of synergies to produce the actual movement, as proposed by Kay (1988). (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Despite increased attention to the role of statistical power in psychological studies, navigating the process of sample size planning for linear regression designs can be challenging. In particular, it can be difficult to decide upon an appropriate value for the effect size, owing to a variety of factors, including the influence of the correlations among the predictors and between the other predictors and the outcome, in addition to the correlation between the particular predictor(s) in question and the outcome, on statistical power. One approach that addresses these concerns is to use available prior sample information but adjust the sample effect size appropriately for publication bias and/or uncertainty. This article motivates a procedure that accomplishes this, Bias Uncertainty Corrected Sample Size (BUCSS), as a valid approach for linear regression, carefully illustrating how BUCSS may be used in practice. To demonstrate the relevant factors influencing BUCSS performance and ensure it performs well in plausible regression contexts, a Monte Carlo simulation is reported. Importantly, the present difficulties in sample size planning for regression are explained, followed by clear illustrations using BUCSS software for a variety of common practical scenarios in regression studies. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2020 APA, all rights reserved).Students' sense of social relatedness at school predicts health and well-being throughout life. However, little is known about whether observed associations reflect unobserved family background factors and whether these associations differ between student-student and student-teacher relationships. Using data from the National Longitudinal Study of Adolescent to Adult Health, this study examined whether student-student and student-teacher relationships are differentially associated with adult health outcomes, measured by self-reported overall health, physical health, psychological health, and substance use. This study employed sibling fixed-effect models to take into account unobserved family background factors such as genetic endowments, family environment, as well as childhood social contexts (school and neighborhood effects). Naive ordinary least squares (OLS) models showed significant associations between relationships with other students and health outcomes in adulthood. However, the preferred sibling fixed-effect estimates revealed that family background characteristics confound these observed associations, with the exception of the depression outcome. Conversely, observed associations between adolescents' relationships with teachers and adult health were robust to controlling for unobserved family background characteristics shared between siblings. Taken together, improving the quality of social relationships in schools, especially student-teacher relationships, may improve adult health in the long run. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).Although adolescent childbearing is widely viewed as a major social problem, and research suggests that young mothers and their children are at risk for poor economic and academic outcomes, these ideas may be in need of revision. Recent scholarship has pointed out that young mothers have been unfairly blamed and stigmatized for problems that should be attributed to social and economic inequality, racism, and poverty. The present study extends that research by listening to the voices of young mothers. In total, 179 urban African American women were asked at 4, 12, and 24 months after giving birth to describe how their lives had changed since becoming a mother. A team of coders content coded themes with rigorous checks for intercoder reliability. Positive themes were far more prevalent than negative themes. Motherhood was often described as a positive developmental change, providing the young women with a sense of maturity, responsibility, motivation, and commitment to placing the baby's needs ahead of their own. Motherhood was sometimes described as a life-turning point whereby young women turned away from undesirable activities and became focused on school, work, and their family's future. Challenges reflected common stresses of parenting for people of all ages, such as lack of sleep and burden of caregiving, but also limited time to socialize with friends. Findings suggest that although policymakers and professionals view adolescent parenthood as a social ill to be eradicated, for the mothers themselves, the experience is more complex, meaningful, and positive. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2021 APA, all rights reserved).