Pilgaardshore5182

Insect gut microbiomes consist of bacteria, fungi, and viruses that can act as mutualists to influence the health and fitness of their hosts. While much has been done to increase understanding of the effects of environmental factors that drive insect ecology, there is less understanding of the effects of environmental factors on these gut microbial communities. For example, the effect of environmental nutrients on most insect gut microbiomes is poorly defined. To address this knowledge gap, we investigated the relationship between environmental nutrients and the gut microbial communities in a small study of katydids (n = 13) of the orthopteran species Orchelimum vulgare collected from a costal prairie system. We sampled O. vulgare from unfertilized plots, as well as from plots fertilized with added nitrogen and phosphorus or sodium separately and in combination. We found significantly higher Shannon diversity for the gut bacterial communities in O. vulgare from plots fertilized with added sodium as compared ttic gut microbial groups is necessary for better understanding and conservation of this important insect herbivore.In Taiwan, the 7-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) was introduced in 2006 and a PCV13 national childhood catchup program was implemented in 2013. To delineate the trend of serotype distribution and antimicrobial susceptibility following vaccination programs, we investigated a total of 1845 Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates collected biennially between 2002 and 2018 over a 3-month period from 25 hospitals. The number of isolates collected over the years decreased significantly in all age groups, from a total of 320 isolates in 2002 (pre-PCV), to 196 in 2010 (post-PCV7/pre-PCV13), to 89 in 2018 (post-PCV13). Overall, PCV7/PCV13 serotypes comprised 66.9%/76.3%, 53.1%/78.1%, and 15.7%/31.5% of isolates in 2002, 2010, and 2018, respectively. The leading serotypes in the pre-PCV era were 23F, 19F, 6B, and 14, while serotype 19A predominated in the post-PCV7/pre-PCV13 era, but non-vaccine serotypes (NVT) 15A (18.0%) and 23A (15.7%) surpassed 19A (10.1%) to become the top two leading serotypes in 2018. All the major serotypes, including the emergent serotypes 15A and 23A, were multidrug-resistant with high rates of non-susceptibility to β-lactam (except serotype 3) and several non-β-lactam agents. PFGE and MLST revealed that while meropenem-susceptible serotype 15A-ST3058 isolates and a serotype 23A-ST338 clone existed in earlier years, rise and spread of meropenem-non-susceptible serotype 15A-ST63 and serotype 23A-ST166 clones occurred in recent years. We conclude that successive implementation of PCVs has led to a marked decrease in pneumococcal isolate burden, but the replacement by meropenem-non-susceptible NVT 15A and 23A highlights the need for continued local surveillance to track pneumococcal evolution in each region to help vaccine polyvalency decisions.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), especially high molecular weight PAHs, are carcinogenic and mutagenic organic compounds that are difficult to degrade. Microbial remediation is a popular method for the PAH removal in diverse environments and yet it is limited by the lack of electron acceptors. An emerging solution is to use the microbial electrochemical system, in which the solid anode is used as an inexhaustible electron acceptor and the microbial activity is stimulated by biocurrent in situ to ensure the PAH removal and avoid the defects of bioremediation. Based on the extensive investigation of recent literatures, this paper summarizes and comments on the research progress of PAH removal by the microbial electrochemical system of diversified design, enhanced measures and functional microorganisms. First, the bioelectrochemical degradation of PAHs is reviewed in separate and mixed PAH degradation, and the removal performance of PAHs in different system configurations is compared with the anode modifhanisms of interaction network are still elusive, which could be revealed with the aid of advanced bioinformatics technology. In order to optimize the efficacy of functional community, more advanced techniques such as omics technology, photoelectrocatalysis and nanotechnology should be considered in the future research to improve the energy generation and PAH biodegradation rate simultaneously.Similar to what has been described in other Gram-negative bacteria, Brucella melitensis releases outer membrane vesicles (OMVs). OMVs from B. melitensis 16M and the rough-mutant B. melitensis VTRM1 were able to induce a protective immune response against virulent B. melitensis in mice models. The presence of some proteins which had previously been reported to induce protection against Brucella were found in the proteome of OMVs from B. melitensis 16M. However, the proteome of OMVs from B. melitensis VTRM1 had not previously been determined. In order to be better understand the role of OMVs in host-cell interactions, the aim of this work was to compare the proteomes of OMVs from B. melitensis 16M and the derived rough-mutant B. melitensis VTRM1, as well as to characterize the immune response induced by vesicles on host cells. Additionally, the effect of SDS and proteinase K on the stability of OMVs was analyzed. OMVs from B. melitensis 16M (smooth strain) and the B. melitensis VTRM1 rough mutant (lacking the Obulin rearrangements in the cytoskeleton. Moreover, OMVs from both strains inhibited PD-L1 expression in T-cells. These data revealed significant differences in OMVs derived from the rough and smooth Brucella strains, among which, the presence or absence of complete LPS appeared to be crucial to protect proteins contained within vesicles and to drive the immune response.Continuous monoculture of cool-season turfgrass causes soil degradation, and visual turf quality decline is a major concern in black soil regions of Northeast China. Turf mixtures can enhance turfgrass resistance to biotic and abiotic stresses and increase soil microbial diversity. Understanding mechanism by plant-soil interactions and changes of black soil microbial communities in turf mixture is beneficial to restoring the degradation of urbanized black soils and maintaining sustainable development of urban landscape ecology. selleck chemical In this study, based on the previous research of different sowing models, two schemes of turf monoculture and mixture were conducted in field plots during 2016-2018 in a black soil of Heilongjiang province of Northeast China. The mixture turf was established by mixing 50% Kentucky bluegrass "Midnight" (Poa pratensis L.) with 50% Red fescue "Frigg" (Festuca rubra L.); and the monoculture turf was established by sowing with pure Kentucky bluegrass. Turf performance, soil physiochemical pof soil physiochemical parameters and microbial communities in turf mixture, which suggested that turf mixture with two species (i.e., Kentucky blue grass and Red fescue) changed soil microbial communities and enhanced visual turfgrass qualities through positive plant-soil interactions by soil biota.H9N2 avian influenza virus (AIV) infection in chickens is often accompanied by secondary bacterial infection, but the mechanism is unclear. The aim of the present study was to reveal that mechanism and explore non-antibiotic treatment. 16s rRNA sequencing and metabonomics were performed in the intestinal contents of chickens infected with H9N2 AIV or H9N2 AIV and fed with ageratum-liquid (AL) to reveal the metabolite that promote intestinal Escherichia coli (E. coli) proliferation caused by H9N2 AIV, as well as to determine the regulatory effect of AL. It was found that H9N2 AIV infection led E. link2 coli to become the dominant gut microbe and promoted E. coli translocation from the intestinal tract to the visceral tissue through the damaged intestinal barrier. H9N2 AIV infection induces inflammation in the intestinal mucosa and promotes the secretion and release of nitrate from the host intestinal epithelium. In addition, nitrate promoted E. coli proliferation in the inflamed intestinal tract following H9N2 AIV infection. Furthermore, Chinese herbal medicine AL can restore intestinal homeostasis, inhibit the production of nitrate in the intestinal epithelium and effectively prevent the proliferation and translocation of E. coli in the intestines. This is the first report on the mechanism of E. coli secondary infection induced by H9N2 AIV, where herbal medicine AL was shown to have a good preventive effect on the secondary infection.Campylobacter species are zoonotic pathogens and the leading cause of bacterial enteritis worldwide. With the increase of antimicrobial resistance to fluoroquinolones and macrolides, they have been identified by the World Health Organization (WHO) as high-priority antimicrobial-resistant pathogens. There is currently little known about the prevalence and antimicrobial resistance characteristics of Campylobacter species in Beijing. In this study, we performed a 2-year surveillance of Campylobacter in Beijing, China. link3 We used multilocus sequence typing (MLST) and antimicrobial susceptibility testing to analyze 236 Campylobacter isolates recovered from 230 clinical infectious cases in Beijing between 2017 and 2018. The Campylobacter isolation rate in diarrhea patients was 7.81%, with higher isolation rates in male patients than female patients and in autumn compared with other seasons. We identified 125 sequence types (STs) of 23 cloning complexes (CCs) among the 236 isolates, including four new alleles and 19 neon will provide important information for prevention of Campylobacter infection. This study enhances insight into Campylobacter infections in diarrheal patients, with relevance for treatment regimens in Beijing.The microbiota that spoil long-life micro-filtered milk generally includes species of the genus Microbacterium. The metabolic properties of this of microorganisms that could potentially modify the quality of micro-filtered milk are still unexplored when compared to better-known microorganisms, such as the spore-forming Bacillus and Paenibacillus spp., and Gram-negative contaminants, such as species of the genera Pseudomonas and Acinetobacter. In this preliminary study, two strains of Microbacterium (M. lacticum 18H and Microbacterium sp. 2C) isolated from micro-filtered milk were characterized in depth, both phenotypically and genotypically, to better understand their role in long-term milk spoilage. The study highlights the ability of these strains to produce high cell numbers and low acidification in micro-filtered milk under storage and shelf-life conditions. Phenotypic analyses of the two Microbacterium sp. isolates revealed that both strains have low proteolytic and lipolytic activity. In addition, they have the ability to form biofilms. This study aims to be a preliminary investigation of milk-adapted strains of the Microbacterium genus, which are able to grow to high cellular levels and perform slight but not negligible acidification that could pose a potential risk to the final quality of micro-filtered milk. Furthermore, M. lacticum 18H and Microbacterium sp. 2C were genotypically characterized in relation to the characteristics of interest in the milk environment. Some protein-encoding genes involved in lactose metabolism were found in the genomes, such as β-galactosidase, lactose permease, and L-lactate dehydrogenase. The phenotypically verified proteolytic ability was supported in the genomes by several genes that encode for proteases, peptidases, and peptide transferases.