Dukefitch3436

8 to 91.1 %. These results provided new insights into the collaborative utilization of hemicelluloses and cellulose in ryegrass.The green alga Parachlorella sp. BX1.5 is a new strain that can significantly coproduce lipids and polysaccharides, inside and outside the cells, respectively. This study aimed to investigate the characteristics and functional properties of the extracellular polysaccharide (EPS). Ethanol-extracted EPS from the cells grown in N-starved BG11 medium was found to be a novel acidic rhamnan of straight-chain type, with a high molecular mass of > 1.75 × 106 daltons. The water-soluble EPS exhibited high viscosity as sol, even at low concentrations, with 0.5 % EPS showing almost constant viscosity at 10-40 °C. Its addition to mayonnaise resulted in improved oil-off, suggesting its possible application as a thickener or food additive. Cells with added EPS were found to exhibit resistance to environmental stress conditions, such as heat, dryness, and decompression, and ultraviolet rays. Based on these rheological and biological effects, its unique properties with respect to biorefinery have been discussed here.The research described here presents data on the effect of galactans of red algae, carrageenans (λ/μ/ν-, κ-, κ/β-, and ι/κ-types), and agar on complement system activation in normal human serum. The experiments were based on well surfaces coated with triggering agents for binding initiating complement components -C3 and C4. The sulfated galactans inhibited C3 binding to lipopolysaccharide with direct dependence on the sulfation degree of polysaccharides. Sulfation degree was also important in carrageenans' capacity to reduce C4 binding to mannan. However, C4 binding to antibodies was considerably activated by carrageenans, especially with 3,6-anhydrogalactose. The gelling carrageenans were able to block antigen binding centers of total serum IgM and with more intensity than non-gelling. No structural characteristics mattered in ameliorating C5 cleavage by plasmin in extrinsic protease complement activation, but λ/μ/ν- and κ/β-carrageenans almost completely inhibited C5 cleavage. Thus, galactans participated in cell surface biology by imitating surface glycans in inhibition of C3 binding and mannose binding lectin, but as to the tthe heclassical pathway these substances stimulated complement, probably due to their structure based on carrabiose.In this study, the sulfated polysaccharide (SP) of Codium fragile was conjugated to folic acid (SP-FA). FT-IR and 1H NMR techniques revealed the occurrence of esterification reaction between the hydroxyl group of SP and the γ-carboxyl group of FA that confirming the SP-FA conjugation. SP and SP-FA did not show any direct toxicity on NK cells and HeLa cells. However, the treatment of SP and SP-FA enhance the NK cells cytotoxicity against HeLa cells by the upregulation of IFN-γ, TNF-α, perforin, and Granzyme-B. Moreover, NK cells activation was stimulated through NF-кB and MAPK pathways. The binding capacity studies exposed the targeting ability of HeLa cells by folate receptor (FR) which was assessed by a confocal quantitative image cytometer analysis. These results indicate that SP-FA could be used as selective drug delivery systems for targeting FR-overexpressed cancer cells with less toxicity.This short communication describes the climate change impacts of using cellulose, and more precisely cellulosic fiber-based materials, in food packaging, representing current and emerging industrial state of the art technology, without specific reference to current scientific advances. First, the different types of cellulosic fiber-based packaging materials, which can be used to replace fossil-based packaging materials, are presented for flexible and rigid applications. The focus is on technological solutions with packaging properties that enable the protection of commonly sold food products. The manufacturing processes associated with these cellulosic fiber-based materials is described and the environmental impact assessment of 4 selected case studies presented stand-up pouches, flexible flow wraps, frozen or chilled food trays, and molded pulp lids. A simplified eco-design Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) was then performed to compare each solution with its fossil-based counterpart. Differences and similarities between the various cellulosic solutions have been identified. Furthermore, the assessment confirms that cellulosic fiber-based materials have reduced environmental impacts as compared to fossil-based counterparts, if a similar packaging weight is obtained. Indeed, all impacts of plastics are between 3 and 5 kg CO2eq/kg, while all impacts of cellulosic fiber-based materials are below 1.5 kg CO2eq/kg.The small amount of proteins in starch-rich food industry byproducts can be an advantage to crosslink with genipin and tailor the performance of biobased films. In this work, genipin was combined with non- purified starch recovered from industrial potato washing slurries and used for films production. Starch recovered from potato washing slurries contained 0.75% protein, 2 times higher than starch directly obtained from potato and 6 times higher than the commercial one. Starch protein-genipin networks were formed with 0.05% and 0.10% genipin, gelatinized at 75 °C and 95 °C in presence of 30% glycerol. Bluish colored films were obtained in all conditions, with the higher surface roughness (Ra, 1.22 μm), stretchability (elongation, 31%), and hydrophobicity (water contact angle, 127°) for 0.10% genipin and starch gelatinized at 75 °C. Therefore, starch-rich byproducts, when combined with genipin, are promising for surpassing the starch-based films hydrophilicity and mechanical fragilities while providing light barrier properties.The pandemic coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), caused by the infection of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), is rapidly spreading globally. Clinical observations found that systemic symptoms caused by SARS-CoV-2 infection are attenuated when using the anticoagulant agent heparin, indicating that heparin may play other roles in managing COVID-19, in addition to prevention of pulmonary thrombosis. Several biochemical studies show strong binding of heparin and heparin-like molecules to the Spike protein, which resulted in inhibition of viral infection to cells. The clinical observations and in vitro studies argue for a potential multiple-targeting effects of heparin. selleck chemicals llc However, adverse effects of heparin administration and some of the challenges using heparin therapy for SARS-CoV-2 infection need to be considered. This review discusses the pharmacological mechanisms of heparin regarding its anticoagulant, anti-inflammatory and direct antiviral activities, providing current evidence concerning the effectiveness and safety of heparin therapy for this major public health emergency.Bacterial cellulose (BC) is a natural polymer that has unique and interesting structural, physical and chemical properties. These characteristics make it very attractive as a starting point for several novel developments in innovative research. However, the pristine BC lacks certain properties, in particular, magnetic property, which can be imparted to BC by incorporation of several types of magnetic nanoparticles. Magnetic nanocomposites based on BC exhibit additional magnetic functionality on top of the excellent properties of pristine BC, which make them promising materials with potential uses in various medical and environmental applications, as well as in advanced electronic devices. This review has compiled information about all classes of BC magnetic nanocomposites fabricated by various synthesis approaches and an overview of applications as well as improved features of these materials. A summary of the key developments of BC magnetic nanocomposites and emphasis on novel advances in this field is presented.Chemical modification of polysaccharides is an important approach for their transformation into customized matrices that suit different applications. Microwave irradiation (MW) has been used to catalyze chemical reactions. This study developed a method of MW-initiated synthesis for the production of phthalated cashew gum (Phat-CG). The structural characteristics and physicochemical properties of the modified biopolymers were investigated by FTIR, GPC, 1H NMR, relaxometry, elemental analysis, thermal analysis, XRD, degree of substitution, and solubility. Phat-CG was used as a matrix for drug delivery systems using benznidazole (BNZ) as a model drug. BNZ is used in the pharmacotherapy of Chagas disease. The nanoparticles were characterized by size, PDI, zeta potential, AFM, and in vitro release. The nanoparticles had a size of 288.8 nm, PDI of 0.27, and zeta potential of -31.8 mV. The results showed that Phat-CG has interesting and promising properties as a new alternative for improving the treatment of Chagas disease.Hydroxybutyl chitosan (HBC) with different degree of substitution (DS) were prepared using a homogeneous reaction system (KOH/urea), which could achieve temperature-dependent reversible morphological transition in aqueous solution. During hydrophobic assembly, amino groups on HBC chains exposed on the surface of nanoparticles formed a poly-cationic structure. The structure of HBCs was characterized by FTIR, 13C NMR, XRD, TGA and rheology. The morphology and assembly mechanism of HBC nanoparticles were studied by TEM, AFM and DLS. Also, the results of coagulation, bacteriostatic, superoxide anion clearance and anionic contaminant removal tests suggested that HBC nanoparticles had excellent flocculation and removal effect of anionic composites. Moreover, the cytocompatibility test indicated that HBC could effectively promote proliferation and division of mouse fibroblast, mouse embryonic fibroblast and rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells. These cationic HBC nanoparticles exhibited great potential in multi-functional applications.The incidence of ulcerative colitis (UC) is high. Despite the availability of various therapeutic agents for the treatment of UC, the routine treatment has limitations and serious side effects. Therefore, a new drug that safely and effectively treats UC is urgently needed. Polysaccharides from natural resources have recently become a hot topic of study for their therapeutic effects on UC. These effects are associated with the regulation of inflammatory cytokines, intestinal flora, and immune system and protection of the intestinal mucosa. This review focuses on the recent advances of polysaccharides from natural resources in the treatment of UC. The mechanisms and practicability of polysaccharides, including pectin, guar gum, rhamnogalacturonan, chitosan, fructan, psyllium, glycosaminoglycan, algal polysaccharides, polysaccharides from fungi and traditional Chinese medicine, and polysaccharide derivatives, are discussed in detail. The good efficacy and safety of polysaccharides make them promising drugs for treating UC.Electromagnetic-interference (EMI) shielding materials that are green, lightweight, and with high mechanical properties need to be urgently developed to address increasingly severe radiation pollution. However, limited EMI shielding materials are successfully used in practical applications, due to the intensive energy consumption or the absence of sufficient strength. Herein, an environmentally friendly and effective method was proved to fabricate wood-based composites with high mechanical robustness and EMI shielding performance by a MXene/cellulose scaffold assembly strategy. The lignocellulose composites with a millimeter-thick mimic the "mortar-brick" layered structure, resulting in excellent mechanical properties that can achieve the compressive strength of 288 MPa and EMI shielding effectiveness of 39.3 dB. This "top-down" method provides an alternative for the efficient production of robust and sustainable EMI shielding materials that can be used in the fields of structural materials for next-generation communications and electronic devices.