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Owing to the favorable depth-dose distribution and the radiobiological properties of heavy ion radiation, ion beam therapy shows an improved success/toxicity ratio compared to conventional radiotherapy. The sharp dose gradients and very high doses in the Bragg peak region, which represent the larger physical advantage of ion beam therapy, make it also extremely sensitive to range uncertainties. The use of β +-radioactive ion beams would be ideal for simultaneous treatment and accurate online range monitoring through PET imaging. Since all the unfragmented primary ions are potentially contributing to the PET signal, these beams offer an improved image quality while preserving the physical and radiobiological advantages of the stable counterparts. The challenging production of radioactive ion beams and the difficulties in reaching high intensities, have discouraged their clinical application. In this context, the project Biomedical Applications of Radioactive ion Beams (BARB) started at GSI (Helmholtzzentrum für Schwerionenforschung GmbH) with the main goal to assess the technical feasibility and investigate possible advantages of radioactive ion beams on the pre-clinical level. During the first experimental campaign 11C and 10C beams were produced and isotopically separated with the FRagment Separator (FRS) at GSI. The β +-radioactive ion beams were produced with a beam purity of 99% for all the beam investigated (except one case where it was 94%) and intensities potentially sufficient to treat a small animal tumors within few minutes of irradiation time, ∼ 106 particle per spill for the 10C and ∼ 107 particle per spill for the 11C beam, respectively. The impact of different ion optical parameters on the depth dose distribution was studied with a precision water column system. In this work, the measured depth dose distributions are presented together with results from Monte Carlo simulations using the FLUKA software.Tinospora crispa (L.) Hook. f. & Thomson (Menispermaceae) is a plant indigenous to Africa and South-East Asia. It is widely used in ethnomedicine to alleviate various diseases including hypertension, diabetes, rheumatism, jaundice, inflammation, fever, fractures, scabies, and urinary disorders. A total of 167 phytoconstituents, belonging to 12 different chemical categories, including alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, and phenolic compounds have thus far been isolated from various parts of T. crispa. selleck inhibitor Numerous in vitro and in vivo investigations have already established the antidiabetic, anticancer, antiparasitic, antimicrobial, immunomodulatory, hepatoprotective, analgesic, antipyretic, antihyperuricemic, and pesticidal activity of this plant, as well as its effects on the cardiac and the central nervous system. Most pharmacological investigations to date have been carried out on plant extracts and fractions. The exact identity of the phytoconstituents responsible for the observed biological effects and their mode of action at the molecular level are yet to be ascertained. Toxicological studies have demonstrated that T. crispa is relatively safe, although dose-dependent hepatotoxicity is a concern at high doses. This review presents a comprehensive update and analysis on studies related to the ethnomedicinal uses, phytochemistry, pharmacological activity and toxicological profile of T. crispa. It provides some critical insights into the current scientific knowledge on this plant and its future potential in pharmaceutical research.
There are approximately 260 known species in the genus
, many of which are used in traditional medicine to treat human and other animal ailments in various parts of the world. Being in the Leguminosae (Fabaceae) family,
species are rich sources of isoflavonoids. In the past three decades alone, several isoflavonoids originating from
have been isolated, and their pharmacological activities have been evaluated against major diseases, such as cancer, inflammation, and diabetes. Despite such extensive research, no recent and comprehensive review of the phytochemistry and pharmacology of
isoflavonoids is available. Furthermore, the structural diversity of isoflavonoids in
species has rarely been reported. In this review, we comprehensively summarized the structural diversity of
isoflavonoids, the methods used for their extraction and isolation protocols, and their pharmacological properties. According to the literature, 154 structurally diverse isoflavonoids were isolated and reported from the various tissues of nine well-known
species. Prenylated isoflavonoids and rotenoids were the most dominant subclasses of isoflavonoids reported. Other subclasses of reported isoflavonoids include isoflavans, aglycone isoflavones, glycosylated isoflavones, geranylated isoflavonoids, phenylcoumarins, pterocarpans and coumaronochromenes. Although some isolated molecules showed promising pharmacological properties, such as anticancer, anti-inflammatory, estrogenic, and antibacterial activities, others remained untested. In general, this review highlights the potential of
isoflavonoids and could improve their utilization in drug discovery and medicinal use processes.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11101-022-09845-w.
The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s11101-022-09845-w.
To test the hypothesis that hyperreflective foci in central serous chorioretinopathy (CSCR) are autofluorescent and may represent macrophages that have engulfed outer retinal fluorophores from the retinal pigment epithelium (RPE) and photoreceptors.
Enrolled subjects underwent spectral domain and swept-source optical coherence tomography, adaptive optics flood-illumination, and adaptive optics scanning laser ophthalmoscopy (AOSLO), including near-infrared autofluorescence (AO-IRAF). For the AO-IRAF imaging, retinal fluorophores were excited using 795nm light and collected in an emission band from 814 to 850nm.
In 2 of 3 eyes, a hyperautofluorescent signal was detected with an elliptical shape and punctate, granular aspects surrounded by a hypoautofluorescent halo. The size of these structures in the active case was measured to be 17±4μm in diameter, with at least 45 individual hyperautofluorescent foci identified from the AO-IRAF montage in the active stage of patient 2. In the asymptomatic case there wtage of the disease.
Glaucoma is associated with structural changes of the optic nerve head such as deformation, lamina cribosa defects, prelaminar schisis, and peripapillary retinal schisis. We describe optic nerve cavitations that were detected by routine spectral domain optical coherence tomography (OCT).
OCT imaging showed cavitations in 5 eyes of 4 patients with an initial diagnosis of glaucoma or glaucoma suspect. The cavitations were seen as hyporeflective spaces that are sharply delineated from surrounding tissue. They were centered inferonasally, anterior to the lamina cribosa, and at least partially within the Bruch's membrane opening (BMO). They extended from 3 to 6 clock hours.
AND IMPORTANCE We describe a new OCT finding in patients with a diagnosis of glaucoma and glaucoma suspect. While previous reports describe cavitations in the choroid in patients with pathological myopia, our patients had minimal refractive error and the cavitations were located within the optic nerve. We will examine these patients over time to determine the impact of this finding on longitudinal changes in structure and function.
AND IMPORTANCE We describe a new OCT finding in patients with a diagnosis of glaucoma and glaucoma suspect. While previous reports describe cavitations in the choroid in patients with pathological myopia, our patients had minimal refractive error and the cavitations were located within the optic nerve. We will examine these patients over time to determine the impact of this finding on longitudinal changes in structure and function.The sudden outbreak of the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has brought to the fore the existing threat of disease-causing pathogens that affect public health all over the world. It has left the best healthcare systems struggling to contain the spread of disease and its consequences. Under challenging circumstances, several innovative technologies have emerged that facilitated quicker diagnosis and treatment. Nanodiagnostic devices are biosensing platforms developed using nanomaterials such as nanoparticles, nanotubes, nanowires, etc. These devices have the edge over conventional techniques such as reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) because of their ease of use, quicker analysis, possible miniaturization, and scope for use in point-of-care (POC) treatment. This review discusses the techniques currently used for COVID-19 diagnosis, emphasizing nanotechnology-based diagnostic devices. The commercialized nanodiagnostic devices in various research and development stages are also reviewed. The advantages of nanodiagnostic devices over other techniques are discussed, along with their limitations. Additionally, the important implications of the utility of nanodiagnostic devices in COVID-19, their prospects for future development for use in clinical and POC settings, and personalized healthcare are also discussed.In this work, we have developed two novel unit-specific event-based mixed-integer linear programing models for scheduling multipurpose batch plants. The concept of indirect and direct material transfer is introduced to rigorously sequence and align tasks in different units. A batch after production is allowed to be partially transferred to storage and downstream processing units or held in processing units over multiple event points. The computational results demonstrate that the proposed models require a smaller number of event points in many cases to achieve optimality than existing unit-specific event-based models. It is interesting to find that no task is required to span over multiple event points to reach optimality for all addressed examples. The best variant developed is superior to existing unit-specific event-based models with the same or better objective values by a maximum improvement of 67%. The computational effort is significantly reduced by at least 1 order of magnitude in some cases.Water-lean solvents have been proposed as a possible alternative to aqueous amine systems in postcombustion carbon capture. There is however little data available on how amine degradation is affected by different solvents. This study presents new insights on the effect of solvent on thermal degradation of alkanolamines from laboratory-scale degradation experiments. Replacing the water in aqueous monoethanolamine (MEA) solutions with organic diluents resulted in varying thermal degradation rates. Overall, all tested organic diluents (triethylene glycol, diethylene glycol, mono ethylene glycol, tetrahydrofurfuryl alcohol, N-formyl morpholine/water, and N-methyl-2-pyrrolidone) resulted in higher thermal degradation rates for loaded MEA. None of the proposed parameters, such as acid-base behavior, polarity, or relative permittivities, stood out as single contributing factors for the variation in degradation rates. The typical degradation compounds observed for an aqueous MEA solvent were also observed for MEA in various concentrations and with various organic diluents.
