Hobbsbernstein1276

The findings may very well act as fundamental design basis for engineering devices that may potentially be developed for thermal molecular trapping and particle sorting and accumulation based on unsteady heating.It is shown that the anomalous elasticity of membranes affects the profile and thermodynamics of a bubble in van der Waals heterostructures. Our theory generalizes the nonlinear plate theory as well as the membrane theory of the pressurised blister test to incorporate the power-law scale dependence of the bending rigidity and Young's modulus of a two-dimensional crystalline membrane. This scale dependence, caused by long-range interaction of relevant thermal fluctuations (flexural phonons), is responsible for the nonlinear Hooke law observed recently in graphene. It is shown that this anomalous elasticity affects the dependence of the maximal height of the bubble as a function of its radius and temperature. We determine the characteristic temperature above which the anomalous elasticity is important. It is suggested that, for graphene-based van der Waals heterostructures, the predicted anomalous regime is experimentally accessible at room temperature.We report a mechanism for nucleation in a monolayer of hexagonally packed monodisperse droplet arrays. Upon cooling, we observe solidified droplets to nucleate their supercooled neighbors giving rise to an autocatalyticlike mechanism for accelerated crystallization. This collective mode of nucleation depends on the strength and nature of droplet contacts. Intriguingly, the statistical distribution of the solidified droplet clusters is found to be independent of emulsion characteristics except surfactant. In contrast to classical nucleation theory, our work highlights the need to consider collective effects of nucleation in supercooled concentrated emulsions where droplet crowding is inevitable.Segmental dynamics is considered as a major factor governing ionic conductivity of polymerized ionic liquids (PILs), envisioned as potential electrolytes in fuel cells and batteries. Our dielectric studies performed in T-P thermodynamic space on ionene, composed of the positively charged polymer backbone and freely moving anions, indicate that other relaxation modes, completely ignored so far, can affect the charge transport in PILs as well. We found that fast mobility manifested by a secondary β process promotes segmental dynamics and thereby increases ionic conductivity making the studied material a first coupled PIL of superionic properties. The molecular mechanism underlying such a β process has been identified as Johari-Goldstein relaxation giving experimental proof that fast secondary relaxations of intermolecular origin exist also in PILs and thereby reveal a universal character.Two-dimensional particle-in-cell simulations for laser plasma interaction with laser intensity of 10^16W/cm^2, plasma density range of 0.01-0.28n_c, and scale length of 230-330μm showed significant pump depletion of the laser energy due to stimulated Raman scattering (SRS) and stimulated Brillouin scattering (SBS) in the low-density region (n_e=0.01-0.2n_c). The simulations identified hot electrons generated by SRS in the low-density region with moderate energy and by two-plasmon-decay near n_e=0.25n_c with higher energy. The overall hot electron temperature (46 keV) and conversion efficiency (3%) were consistent with the experiment's measurements. The simulations also showed artificially reducing SBS would lead to stronger SRS and a softer hot-electron spectrum.We study, numerically, a system of active particles with either a single noise value or a mixture of equal proportions of particles with two noise values under the influence of an attractive periodic background potential, and we observe their diffusion regimes and trapping states. For the single noise system, we show that the slow diffusion is correlated to a significant particle trapping, while normal diffusion is seen for partial or no trapping. Our results indicate that low noise particles are less susceptible to the background, i.e., they have a smaller chance to be trapped as compared to higher noise particles for the same background, and that denser systems achieve a no-trapping state, unless for the largest noise value we studied. For the mixtures, we study the sorting of particles based on their noise value differences and observe that particles with distinct noises are trapped at distinct radii compared to a trap minimum, and, since these radii depend on the density, the latter should be well tuned in order to have an efficient sorting.A model of physiological age, accompanied by nonlinear diffusion in space, is studied analytically and numerically, and is shown to develop nonstationary traveling population waves. A window of intermediate growth rates is found where collective supercycles are formed from individual (stochastic) life cycles. mc-vc-PAB-MMAE Supercycle periods can be considerably different (larger or smaller) than the average longevities of contributing individuals, while the time-averaged spatial expansion rate has a local maximum in the supercycling mode. A method of adiabatic similarity solutions is used to derive dependencies of the solution parameters on source and sink inhomogeneities, and obtain closed coupled dynamic equations for the age structure and leading and trailing fronts. Analytical results are compared with numerically computed similarity and full solutions for several types of population waves. We discuss possible model applications to development of lichen thallus, multiyear patterns of agricultural crop yields, and autocorrelation of locust swarming.It is difficult to characterize by experiment the structural features of liquids and glasses which lack long-range translational periodicity in the structure. Here, we suggest that the height and shape of the first peak of the structure function S(Q) carry significant information about the nature of the medium-range order and the coherence of density correlations. It is further proposed that they indicate how ideal the liquid structure is. Here, the ideal state is defined by long-range density correlations, not by structural coherence at the atomic level. The analysis is applied to the S(Q) of metallic alloy liquids determined by x-ray diffraction and simulation. The ideality index defined here may provide a common parameter to characterize structural coherence among various disparate groups of liquids and glasses.