Robersonmouritzen8595

Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition affects the greenhouse gas (GHG) balance of ecosystems through the net atmospheric CO2 exchange and the emission of non-CO2 GHGs (CH4 and N2O). We quantified the effects of N deposition on biomass increment, soil organic carbon (SOC), and N2O and CH4 fluxes and, ultimately, the net GHG budget at ecosystem level of a Moso bamboo forest in China. Nitrogen addition significantly increased woody biomass increment and SOC decomposition, increased N2O emission, and reduced soil CH4 uptake. Despite higher N2O and CH4 fluxes, the ecosystem remained a net GHG sink of 26.8 to 29.4 megagrams of CO2 equivalent hectare-1 year-1 after 4 years of N addition against 22.7 hectare-1 year-1 without N addition. The total net carbon benefits induced by atmospheric N deposition at current rates of 30 kilograms of N hectare-1 year-1 over Moso bamboo forests across China were estimated to be of 23.8 teragrams of CO2 equivalent year-1. Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Blasticidin S research buy Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).Topological protection in photonics offers new prospects for guiding and manipulating classical and quantum information. The mechanism of spin-orbit coupling promises the emergence of edge states that are helical, exhibiting unidirectional propagation that is topologically protected against back scattering. We directly observe the topological states of a photonic analog of electronic materials exhibiting the quantum spin Hall effect, living at the interface between two silicon photonic crystals with different topological order. Through the far-field radiation that is inherent to the states' existence, we characterize their properties, including linear dispersion and low loss. We find that the edge state pseudospin is encoded in unique circular far-field polarization and linked to unidirectional propagation, thus revealing a signature of the underlying photonic spin-orbit coupling. We use this connection to selectively excite different edge states with polarized light and directly visualize their routing along sharp chiral waveguide junctions. Copyright © 2020 The Authors, some rights reserved; exclusive licensee American Association for the Advancement of Science. No claim to original U.S. Government Works. Distributed under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial License 4.0 (CC BY-NC).Introduction Handoffs have been shown to be a potential cause of communication failures, leading to possible inefficiencies and patient harm. We noticed that our CA-1 residents were struggling with patient handoffs and designed this simulation to improve their handoff skills. Methods This anesthesiology-specific simulation introduced learners to the perioperative handoff process. We designed it for anesthesiology learners, including junior residents, medical students, and student nurse anesthetists. The simulation centered upon an anesthesiology resident taking care of an ICU patient and handing that patient off to another anesthesiology provider, who took the patient to the OR. We charged learners with reviewing the patient's history and hospital course and giving a complete handoff. We evaluated learners on the completeness and quality of the handoff, as well as on their performance during the session. Results Twenty-seven learners participated in this handoff simulation. The participants reported that the simulation improved their understanding of the anesthetic implications of medical conditions and gave them a better understanding of the essential elements of a handoff. Learners also indicated that the debriefing portion of the simulation was effective in filling some of their medical knowledge gaps and improving their handoff skills. Discussion This simulation was found to be an effective educational experience for our CA-1 and CA-3 residents, medical students, and student nurse anesthetists. Feedback was positive from all learners. As a result, this simulation will be implemented in the early learning curriculum for all of our CA-1 residents. Copyright © 2020 Krishnan et al.Introduction Sepsis is a major cause of morbidity and mortality in medicine and is managed in ICUs daily. Critical care training is a vital part of anesthesiology residency, and understanding the presentation, management, and treatment of septic shock is fundamental to intraoperative patient care. Methods This simulation involved a 58-year-old man undergoing surgical debridement of a peripancreatic cyst with hemodynamic instability and septic shock. We conducted the simulation yearly for clinical anesthesia year 2 residents (n = 26) in 1-hour sessions with three to five learners at a time. The simulation covered the six Anesthesiology Milestones related to sepsis and septic shock as outlined in the Anesthesiology Milestones Project. Results To date, 155 anesthesiology residents have completed the simulation. Commonly missed critical actions included failure to recognize the need for invasive lines, provide appropriate volumes of fluid resuscitation, inquire about blood cultures and antibiotics, and recognize the need for the patient to remain intubated. Most participants could appropriately diagnose and treat intraoperative septic shock, but all had moments of action or inaction to discuss and improve upon, and all learned from this scenario. Discussion Simulation is an optimal way to practice the more rare and life-threatening clinical events in medicine. Even though septic shock is commonly managed in the ICU, it is relatively uncommon for it to develop acutely in the OR. This simulation is an effective and educational way to discuss the most recent sepsis/septic shock definition and review evidence-based guidelines for treatment. Copyright © 2020 Webb et al.The following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a set of national standards for teaching pathology. These are divided into three basic competencies Disease Mechanisms and Processes, Organ System Pathology, and Diagnostic Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology. For additional information, and a full list of learning objectives for all three competencies, see http//journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2374289517715040. 1. © The Author(s) 2020.The following fictional case is intended as a learning tool within the Pathology Competencies for Medical Education (PCME), a set of national standards for teaching pathology. These are divided into three basic competencies Disease Mechanisms and Processes, Organ System Pathology, and Diagnostic Medicine and Therapeutic Pathology. For additional information, and a full list of learning objectives for all three competencies, see http//journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/2374289517715040.1. © The Author(s) 2020.Hand, Foot and Mouth Disease (HFMD) is caused by multiple Enterovirus (EV) serotypes mainly coxsackievirus A6 (CV-A6), coxsackievirus A16 (CV-A16) and Enterovirus 71 (EV-A71). Recurrent HFMD infections are rarely reported. An unusual rise in HFMD cases was reported in Mumbai during May-June 2018. Stool and throat swab specimens were referred from seven children from two hospitals for laboratory diagnosis. The age group of cases ranged from 9 months to 5 years with median age 13 months. Out of seven cases, three were males and four females. One 13-month-old female case was reported twice within 21 days. Stool, throat swab specimens were tested by pan enterovirus RT-PCR and also by virus isolation using human rhabdomyosarcoma cell line for detection of Enteroviruses. Out of seven HFMD cases, CV-A6 and CV-A16 viruses were isolated from five and two cases respectively. The phylogenetic analysis of CV-A6 viruses showed their similarity with CV-A6 viruses from Finland and China, whereas the two CV-A16 isolates showed similarity with those from Japan, France, China, Sarawak and Thailand. For the recurrent HFMD case, CV-A6 and CV-A16 were isolated from the stool specimens collected during the first and second episodes, respectively. There are no reports of isolation and molecular characterization of CV-A6 and CV-A16 viruses from recurrent HFMD cases. The present study reports molecular characterization of two Enterovirus serotypes CV-A6 and CV-A16 from a recurrent HFMD case, highlighting need of virological and molecular surveillance of HFMD. © Indian Virological Society 2020.Cotton leaf curl disease (CLCuD), caused by a begomovirus species complex, is a major constraint to cotton (Gossypium hirsutum) production in northwestern India. During 2006 to 2010, a surveillance was conducted to monitor the spread of CLCuD in Haryana and Rajasthan. Six different field symptoms, upward curling, downward curling, enation, vein thickening, severe curling and mild curling were documented. Six isolates associated with these symptom types were tested positive in PCR to cotton leaf curl Rajasthan virus. The isolates were successfully transmitted through whitefly (Bemisia tabaci) at the rate up to 73.3% to the resistant cotton cultivar, RS2013. All these six isolates were further characterised based on the complete nucleotide sequences of the viral genome and the associated betasatellites. These virus isolates shared highest sequence identity (86-99%) with the cotton leaf curl Multan virus (CLCuMuV) and the associated betasatellites also shared highest sequence identity (78-92%) with cotton leaf curl Multan betasatellite (CLCuMuB). Based on the sequence identity and phylogenetic analysis of the viral genome and betasatellite, these isolates were identified as variants of CLCuMuV. Recombination analysis revealed significant recombination events in these isolates with the other cotton infecting begomoviruses. The isolate, Mo-Raj-2 has been identified as a resistant breaking strain having a major recombination in the coding regions of both viral genome and betasatellite. The natural occurrence of disease symptoms, transmission of the virus isolates through whitefly and complete genome analysis of the virus revealed the association of recombinant variant of CLCuMuV with the breakdown of resistance in cotton in Rajasthan and Haryana, the major cotton belt of India. © Indian Virological Society 2020.Recombinase polymerase amplification (RPA) is a quick, specific, sensitive molecular tool carried out at a constant temperature for pathogen detection. In the present study, RPA and reverse transcription (RT) RPA assays were optimized for the detection of piper yellow mottle virus (PYMoV) infecting black pepper. Out of the eight primer pairs targeted to amplify open reading frames (ORFs) 2 and 3 of the virus, the primer pair targeted to ORF2 gave specific amplification only with DNA isolated from infected plant but not with healthy plant. A magnesium acetate concentration of 18 mM, 40 min of incubation time and a temperature of 37-42 °C was found optimum for detection of the virus in RPA assay. Comparison of sensitivity of detection revealed that RPA could detect the virus up to 10-5 dilution of the total DNA while PCR could detect the virus up to 10-4 dilution indicating that RPA is 10 times more sensitive than PCR. RPA was further simplified using crude extract as template which could detect the virus up to 10-3 dilution.