Mullenottesen5171

Biomolecules, especially proteins and nucleic acids, have been widely studied to develop biochips for various applications in scientific fields ranging from bioelectronics to stem cell research. However, restrictions exist due to the inherent characteristics of biomolecules, such as instability and the constraint of granting the functionality to the biochip. Introduction of functional nanomaterials, recently being researched and developed, to biomolecules have been widely researched to develop the nanobiohybrid materials because such materials have the potential to enhance and extend the function of biomolecules on a biochip. The potential for applying nanobiohybrid materials is especially high in the field of bioelectronics. Research in bioelectronics is aimed at realizing electronic functions using the inherent properties of biomolecules. To achieve this, various biomolecules possessing unique properties have been combined with novel nanomaterials to develop bioelectronic devices such as highly sensitive electrochemical-based bioelectronic sensing platforms, logic gates, and biocomputing systems. In this review, recently reported bioelectronic devices based on nanobiohybrid materials are discussed. We believe that this review will suggest innovative and creative directions to develop the next generation of multifunctional bioelectronic devices. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.RATIONALE The misuse of 7-oxo-DHEA (3β-hydroxyandrost-5-ene-7,17-dione) is prohibited according to the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) code. Nevertheless, it is easily available as a dietary supplement and from black market sources. In two recent doping control samples, significant amounts of its main metabolite 7β-OH-DHEA were identified, necessitating further investigations. METHODS As both 7-oxo-DHEA and 7β-OH-DHEA are endogenously produced steroids and no concentration thresholds, applicable to routine doping controls, exist, the development and validation of a carbon isotope ratio (CIR) mass spectrometry method has been desirable. Excretion studies encompassing 7-oxo-DHEA, 7-oxo-DHEA-acetate, and in-house deuterated 7-oxo-DHEA were conducted and evaluated with regard to urinary CIR and potential new metabolites of 7-oxo-DHEA. RESULTS Numerous urinary metabolites were identified, some of which have not been reported before while others corroborate earlier findings on the metabolism of 7-oxo-DHEA. The CIRs of both 7-oxo-DHEA and 7β-OH-DHEA were significantly influenced for more than 50 h after a single oral dose of 100 mg, and a novel metabolite (5α-androstane-3β,7β-diol-17-one) was found to prolong this detection time window by approximately 25 h. Applying the validated method to routine doping control specimens presenting atypically high urinary 7β-OH-DHEA levels clearly demonstrated the exogenous origin of 7-oxo-DHEA and 7β-OH-DHEA. CONCLUSION As established for other endogenously produced steroids such as testosterone, the CIR allows for a clear differentiation between endo- and exogenous sources of 7-oxo-DHEA and 7β-OH-DHEA. The novel metabolites detected after administration may help to improve the detection of 7-oxo-DHEA misuse and simplifies its detection in doping control specimens. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Fertilizers containing phosphate (PO4 3- ) are commonly used within the agricultural industry and are known to increase the bioavailability and mobility of metalloids like arsenic (As). This may increase plant uptake of As and hence pose a risk to human health. Arsenic and antimony (Sb) often co-occur in contaminated soils, however, little is known about the interactions between As and Sb with PO4 3- on their bioavailability, accumulation and toxicity in plants. This study investigated individual and combined As and Sb contaminated soils across two soil PO4 3- concentrations using a commonly consumed leafy vegetable, choy sum (Brassica chinensis var. selleckchem parachinensis). Increased soil PO4 3- had no clear influence on the bioavailability of As or Sb (derived from sequential extraction procedure). At high PO4 3- concentration, B. chinensis accumulated higher amounts of As in the shoot and root in both individual and co-contaminated soil, whereas Sb accumulation increased only when Sb was the only contaminant. When As was the only contaminant, the translocation of As from root to shoot decreased as soil PO4 3- increased. Increased soil PO4 3- had no influence on Sb translocation from root to shoot. While As was toxic (impaired growth) at low PO4 3- soil concentration, no toxicity was observed in the high PO4 3- soil. No toxicity was observed for Sb at either low or high PO4 3- soils. Increased soil PO4 3- concentration ameliorated or masked As toxicity to plant growth and led to higher As concentration in the plant's edible parts. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Neonates are exquisitely susceptible to seizures due to several physiologic factors and combination of risks that are uniquely associated with gestation, delivery, and the immediate postnatal period. Neonatal seizures can be challenging to identify; therefore, it is imperative that clinicians have a high degree of suspicion for seizures based on the clinical history or the presence of encephalopathy with or without paroxysmal abnormal movements. Acute symptomatic neonatal seizures are due to an acute brain injury, whereas neonatal-onset epilepsy may be related to underlying structural, metabolic, or genetic disorders. Though initial, acute treatment is similar, long-term treatment and prognosis varies greatly based on underlying seizure etiology. Early identification and treatment are likely important for long-term outcomes in acute symptomatic seizures, though additional studies are needed to understand optimal seizure control metrics and the ideal duration of treatment. Advances in genetic medicine are increasingly expanding our understanding of neonatal-onset epilepsies and will continue to open doors for personalized medicine to optimize outcomes in this fragile population. Thieme Medical Publishers 333 Seventh Avenue, New York, NY 10001, USA.