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Acute myeloid leukemia (AML) remains the most lethal of leukemias and a small population of cells called leukemic stem cells (LSCs) has been associated with disease relapses. Some cell signaling pathways play an important role in AML survival, proliferation and self-renewal properties and are abnormally activated or suppressed in LSCs. This includes the NF-κB, Wnt/β-catenin, Hedgehog, Notch, EGFR, JAK/STAT, PI3K/AKT/mTOR, TGF/SMAD and PPAR pathways. This review aimed to discuss these pathways as molecular targets for eliminating AML LSCs. Herein, inhibitors/activators of these pathways were summarized as a potential new anti-AML therapy capable of eliminating LSCs to guide future researches. 6-Diazo-5-oxo-L-norleucine in vivo The clinical use of cell signaling pathways data can be useful to enhance the anti-AML therapy.

Children with cancer experience pulmonary and physical function side effects from the cancer itself and the medical interventions. This systematic review examines the known relationship between pulmonary function and physical function in childhood cancer and identifies gaps in the literature.

A search of Ovid Medline, CINAHL (EbscoHost) and Embase to identify literature from 2009 to March 2020.

Fifty-seven studies met inclusion criteria. Thirty-seven studies reported impaired pulmonary function. Incidence of pulmonary dysfunction ranged from 45.5 % to 84.1 %. Eighteen studies reported impaired physical function. Three studies investigated the relationship between pulmonary function and physical function. No studies explored inspiratory muscle strength.

Pulmonary function and physical function are related and frequently impaired in children during and after cancer treatment. A literature gap was found in diaphragm function and its relationship with physical function. Future studies should focus on interventions that target the pulmonary mechanisms impacting physical function.

Pulmonary function and physical function are related and frequently impaired in children during and after cancer treatment. A literature gap was found in diaphragm function and its relationship with physical function. Future studies should focus on interventions that target the pulmonary mechanisms impacting physical function.

Recurrent early glottic cancer (rEGC) poses several issues in terms of timely diagnosis, correct re-staging, and treatment. We want to critically review the latest evidence about rEGC considering its epidemiology, biology, diagnostic challenges, and treatment strategies.

A systematic search of the literature using PubMed from 1990 to October 31, 2020 was performed.

There are many different treatment options available (open surgery, transoral mini-invasive surgery, radiotherapy), and many factors related to the patient's status and previous treatments must be considered when planning the best management strategy for rEGC. While its overall prognosis remains satisfactory, it is of the utmost importance to appreciate all the clinical implications derived from the choice of the initial therapeutic modality, and from a correct primary and recurrent staging.

The balance between oncological and voice and swallowing functions represents the fundamental principle underlying rEGC management. Future studies should focus on molecular profiling of rEGC, and on the results of the emerging radiation delivery techniques and mini-invasive procedures.

The balance between oncological and voice and swallowing functions represents the fundamental principle underlying rEGC management. Future studies should focus on molecular profiling of rEGC, and on the results of the emerging radiation delivery techniques and mini-invasive procedures.In 2020, the novel COVID-19 pandemic replaced TB as the world's top cause of death from an infectious disease. The October 21, 2020 the UN Secretary-General report on progress towards implementation of the UNHLM political declaration on TB stresses that although high-level commitments and targets had galvanized global and national progress towards ending TB, urgent and more ambitious investments and actions were required, especially in lieu of the COVID-19 pandemic where associated public health measures and travel restrictions, have disrupted health services universally. The report sets out 10 priority recommendations to get the world on track to reach agreed targets by 2022. Political commitment is more critical than ever. COVID-19 diagnostic and vaccination health services need to be aligned to TB services with active early case finding in communities, engaging the private sector care providers and mitigation of fear and stigma. link2 Healthcare staff and community workers and leaders need to be provided with COVID-19 vaccination and personal protective equipment. The UNHLM declaration committed to mobilize 15 billion USD per annum for TB, of which 13 billion USD is for TB care and 2 billion USD per annum for TB R&D. The Global Fund needs to increase funding for TB. Learning from the unprecedented speed of COVID-19 vaccine development, fastracking development and evaluation of TB vaccines is essential. World leaders need to urgently address and reverse the socio-economic consequences of the COVID-19 pandemic and these will determine to what extent they will impact on achieving TB targets.

Recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis (RPTB) is a growing, important and neglected problem affecting treated TB patients and TB health services across the world, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. Analyses and identification of differences in clinical features between recurrent PTB and newly diagnosed PTB may lead to improved management recommendations.

Between September 1

2019 and January 31

2020, we performed a prospective case controlled study of clinical and imaging features of patients with recurrent pulmonary tuberculosis and compared them with those of newly diagnosed PTB cases. Recurrent PTB was defined as a patient with bacteriologically confirmed active PTB who was previously successfully treated for PTB and was cured. A control was defined as a patient who presents for the first time with bacteriologically confirmed PTB. Clinical and radiological features were assessed and documented. Chi-square and t-test were used to test the difference between proportion and continuous data, respectively. Lo 95% CI 1.04 - 3.69) p=0.04) and fibrosis on chest x rays (aOR 2.18, 95% CI 1.16 - 4.10) were significantly associated with recurrent PTB.

Hemoptysis, lung parenchymal damage, and patients being older than 45 years of age are significant features of RPTB. Management should focus on risk factors for recurrence, and a more holistic model of care to prevent long term lung injury.

Hemoptysis, lung parenchymal damage, and patients being older than 45 years of age are significant features of RPTB. Management should focus on risk factors for recurrence, and a more holistic model of care to prevent long term lung injury.Latent tuberculosis infection affects one quarter of the world's population, and effective therapies are available. However, scale-up of tuberculosis preventive treatment (TPT) remains limited. We describe strategies to support scale-up of TPT in high-prevalence settings, where the potential benefit for affected individuals is considerable. Patients must be at the centre of policies to scale-up TPT. Addressing the health system requirements for scale-up will ensure that programs can deliver treatment safely, efficiently and sustainably. Further research is required to adapt TPT to local contexts, and develop new shorter treatments that will be suitable for wide-scale deployment.The October 2020 Global TB report reviews TB control strategies and United Nations (UN) targets set in the political declaration at the September 2018 UN General Assembly high-level meeting on TB held in New York. Progress in TB care and prevention has been very slow. In 2019, TB remained the most common cause of death from a single infectious pathogen. Globally, an estimated 10.0 million people developed TB disease in 2019, and there were an estimated 1.2 million TB deaths among HIV-negative people and an additional 208, 000 deaths among people living with HIV. Adults accounted for 88% and children for 12% of people with TB. The WHO regions of South-East Asia (44%), Africa (25%), and the Western Pacific (18%) had the most people with TB. Eight countries accounted for two thirds of the global total India (26%), Indonesia (8.5%), China (8.4%), the Philippines (6.0%), Pakistan (5.7%), Nigeria (4.4%), Bangladesh (3.6%) and South Africa (3.6%). Only 30% of the 3.5 million five-year target for children treated forines for TB utilizing new technological methods.

Contact tracing has been a central control measure for coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) transmission. However, without consideration of the needs of specific populations, public health interventions can exacerbate health inequities.

The purpose of this rapid review was to determine if and how health inequities were included in the design of contact tracing interventions in epidemic settings.

A search of the electronic databases MEDLINE and Web of Science was conducted. The following inclusion criteria were applied for article selection (1) described the design of contact tracing interventions, (2) published between 2013 and 2020 in English, French, Spanish, Chinese, or Portuguese, (3) and included at least 50% of empiricism, according to the Automated Classifier of Texts on Scientific Studies (ATCER) tool. Various tools were used to extract data.

Following screening of the titles and abstracts of 230 articles, 39 met the inclusion criteria. link3 Only seven references were retained after full text review. None of the selected studies considered health inequities in the design of contact tracing interventions.

The use of tools/concepts for incorporating health inequities, such as the REFLEX-ISS tool, and 'proportionate universalism' when designing contact tracing interventions, would enable practitioners, decision-makers, and researchers to better consider health inequities.

The use of tools/concepts for incorporating health inequities, such as the REFLEX-ISS tool, and 'proportionate universalism' when designing contact tracing interventions, would enable practitioners, decision-makers, and researchers to better consider health inequities.Young children are most vulnerable to develop severe forms of tuberculosis (TB) and are over-represented among TB deaths. Almost all children estimated to have died from TB were never diagnosed or offered TB treatment. Improved access to TB preventive treatment (TPT) requires major upscaling of household contact investigation with allocation of adequate resources. Symptom-based screening is often discouraged in adults for fear of generating drug resistance, if TB cases are missed. However, the situation in vulnerable young children is different, as they present minimal risk of drug resistance generation. Further, the perceived need for additional diagnostic evaluation presents a major barrier to TPT access and underlies general reluctance to consider pragmatic decentralised models of care. Widespread roll-out of Xpert MTB/RIF Ultra® represents an opportunity for improved case detection in young children, but attaining full impact will require the use of non-sputum specimens. The new Fujifilm SILVAMP TB LAM® urine assay demonstrated good diagnostic accuracy in HIV-positive and malnourished children, but further validation is required.