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diarrheal samples with varying etiologic agent revealing the presence of ARGs against the most important classes of antibiotics in the gut of diarrheal patients by common, robust molecular methods, which are easily accessible by molecular epidemiological laboratories worldwide. Copyright © 2020 De, Mukhopadhyay and Dutta.Introduction Patients with anorexia nervosa (AN) experience medical complications including impaired bone metabolism, increased fracture rate, kidney stones and chronic renal failure. However, the mechanisms of such complications are not fully understood. Healthy adolescents have been shown to have higher PTH levels when compared with pre-pubertal children and adults. Given the importance of central measures of calcium and vitamin D metabolism in bone and kidney health, 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25OHD) and parathyroid hormone (PTH) have been extensively investigated in patients with AN, however none of the previous studies accounted for age-specific reference ranges for PTH. The aim of this study was to investigate central measures of calcium and vitamin D metabolism in adolescents with newly diagnosed AN using age-specific reference ranges and to determine whether any significant abnormalities required further study. Methods This was a cross-sectional study of 61 adolescents (mean age = aged 15.2 ± 1.56 years) wiH levels were reduced in approximately a third of adolescents with AN. This observation has not been reported given the universal usage of reference ranges that covers all ages. This finding may unmask a potential role for reduced PTH levels in the pathogenesis of kidney stones and bone phenotype in patients with AN. Copyright © 2020 Lenherr-Taube, Trajcevski, Sochett and Katzman.Objective To investigate if the low sodium intake is associated with the plasma carnitine and acylcarnitine profile in children with vasovagal syncope (VVS). Materials and Methods Twenty-six children suffering from VVS were recruited in the present study and divided into a group of low urinary sodium excretion or a group of normal urinary sodium excretion according to the excretion of 24-h urinary sodium 0.05). Concentrations of plasma tiglylcarnitine (C51), hydroxyhexadecanoylcarnitine (C16OH), hydroxyoctadecanoylcarnitine (C18OH), and carnitine C22 were significantly higher in the group of low urinary sodium excretion than in the group of normal urinary sodium excretion (all p-values = 0.048); moreover, they were all negatively correlated with 24-h urinary sodium levels (all p-values = 0.016). There were no differences between the two groups in other acylcarnitines or free carnitine. Conclusions Reduced excretion of 24-h urinary sodium is associated with a disturbed plasma acylcarnitine profile in children with VVS. The findings suggest that restricted sodium intake-induced disturbance of plasma acylcarnitines and related cellular energy metabolism might be involved in the pathogenesis of VVS in children. Copyright © 2020 Song, Tao, Chen, Chen, Xu, Du, Yang and Huang.Background Caffeine citrate has been approved in China for the management of apnea of prematurity. This clinical trial was conducted as a condition of regulatory approval. The aim was to confirm the efficacy of caffeine citrate in the treatment of recurrent intermittent hypoxia and bradycardia in preterm newborns with primary apnea. Objectives The primary outcome was the change from baseline in the number of apnea events after loading dose administration of caffeine citrate. Secondary efficacy outcomes included the change from baseline in apnea events after 2 and 4 weeks of maintenance doses. Methods This was a multicenter, prospective longitudinal open-label, single-arm study. Neonates who had experienced at least four apnea events during a 24 h period received a loading dose of caffeine citrate 20 mg/kg; those who required additional maintenance doses received 5 mg/kg/day (titrated up to 10 mg/kg/day in case of insufficient response). The number of apnea events was recorded for 6-12 h prior to the loading dose (baseline), and for 12 h post-dose, following the loading dose and at Weeks 2 and 4 (during maintenance). Results A total of 247 neonates received the loading dose, who had a significant reduction from baseline of 3.9 events (p less then 0.001) in the mean number of apnea events. The subset of neonates who required maintenance doses also had significant reductions in the number of events at all visits (p less then 0.001 for all). A total of 79.4% of participants had at least one adverse event, but only one non-serious and no serious events were considered related to treatment. Conclusions In this large, prospective, open-label study, premature infants with a history of apnea who received caffeine citrate were significantly less likely to experience further apnea events. Copyright © 2020 Du, Tong, Chen, Gao, Gagnatelli, Li, Santoro, Nicolardi and Fabbri.Background Early nutritional support of preterm infants is important because it influences long-term health and development. Body composition has an influence on cardiovascular disease, metabolic syndrome, and neurocognitive outcome in the long term. Objective To assess body composition in preterm infants less then 32 weeks of gestation at term-equivalent age and to analyze the influence of an optimized nutritional approach. Methods This is a prespecified secondary outcome analysis of a prospective observational study comparing the body composition in regard to gestational age. The preterm infants were classified according to gestational age as extremely preterm infants ( less then 28 weeks gestation at birth) and very preterm infants (≥28 weeks gestation at birth) and according to weight percentile as appropriate for gestational age and small for gestational age. Body composition was determined by air displacement plethysmography using the PEA POD. The preterm infants obtained nutrition according to the ESPGHAN 2010 Guidelines. Results Seventy-four preterm infants were analyzed. The mean (SD) gestational age was 28.7 (2.4) weeks, and birth weight was 1,162 (372) g. Fat mass percentage was significantly higher in extremely preterm infants in comparison to very preterm infants [17.0, 95% confidence interval (CI) 15.9-18.1 vs. 15.5, 95% CI 14.7-16.2]. Navitoclax mw There was no significant difference of fat mass percentage according to weight percentiles. Conclusions Extremely preterm infants had a significantly higher fat mass percentage compared to very preterm infants at term-equivalent age. There was no significant difference of fat mass percentage according to weight percentiles. Copyright © 2020 Bruckner, Khan, Binder, Morris, Windisch, Holasek and Urlesberger.