Mcmillanweiner8125

The presence of mycotoxins in cereal grain is a very important food safety issue with the occurrence of masked mycotoxins extensively investigated in recent years. This study investigated the variation of different Fusarium metabolites (including the related regulated, masked, and emerging mycotoxin) in maize from various agriculture regions of South Africa. The relationship between the maize producing regions, the maize type, as well as the mycotoxins was established. A total of 123 maize samples was analyzed by a LC-MS/MS multi-mycotoxin method. The results revealed that all maize types exhibited a mixture of free, masked, and emerging mycotoxins contamination across the regions with an average of 5 and up to 24 out of 42 investigated Fusarium mycotoxins, including 1 to 3 masked forms at the same time. Data obtained show that fumonisin B1, B2, B3, B4, and A1 were the most prevalent mycotoxins and had maximum contamination levels of 8908, 3383, 990, 1014, and 51.5 µg/kg, respectively. Deoxynivalenol occurred in 50% of the samples with a mean concentration of 152 µg/kg (max 1380 µg/kg). Sanguinarine order Thirty-three percent of the samples were contaminated with zearalenone at a mean concentration of 13.6 µg/kg (max 146 µg/kg). Of the masked mycotoxins, DON-3-glucoside occurred at a high incidence level of 53%. Among emerging toxins, moniliformin, fusarinolic acid, and beauvericin showed high occurrences at 98%, 98%, and 83%, and had maximum contamination levels of 1130, 3422, and 142 µg/kg, respectively. Significant differences in the contamination pattern were observed between the agricultural regions and maize types.The indoor microbial community is a mixture of microorganisms resulting from outdoor ecosystems that seed the built environment. However, the biogeography of the indoor microbial community is still inadequately studied. Dust from more than 3000 dwellings across France was analyzed by qPCR using 17 targets 10 molds, 3 bacteria groups, and 4 mites. Thus, the first spatial description of the main indoor microbial allergens on the French territory, in relation with biogeographical factors influencing the distribution of microorganisms, was realized in this study. Ten microorganisms out of 17 exhibited increasing abundance profiles across the country Five microorganisms (Dermatophagoïdes pteronyssinus, Dermatophagoïdes spp., Streptomyces spp., Cladosporium sphaerospermum, Epicoccum nigrum) from northeast to southwest, two (Cryptococcus spp., Alternaria alternata) from northwest to southeast, Mycobacteria from east to west, Aspergillus fumigatus from south to north, and Penicillium chrysogenum from south to northeast. These geographical patterns were partly linked to climate and land cover. Multivariate analysis showed that composition of communities seemed to depend on landscapes, with species related to closed and rather cold and humid landscapes (forests, located in the northeast) and others to more open, hot, and dry landscapes (herbaceous and coastal regions, located in the west). This study highlights the importance of geographical location and outdoor factors that shape communities. In order to study the effect of microorganisms on human health (allergic diseases in particular), it is important to identify biogeographic factors that structure microbial communities on large spatial scales and to quantify the exposure with quantitative tools, such as the multi-qPCR approach.In total, 46 Microdochium strains from five different geographic regions of Russia were explored with respect to genetic diversity, morphology, and secondary metabolites. Based on the results of PCR, 59% and 28% of the strains were identified as M. nivale and M. majus, respectively. As a result of sequencing four genome regions, namely ITS, LSU, BTUB, and RPB2 (2778 bp), five genetically and phenotypically similar strains from Western Siberia were identified as M. seminicola, which, according to our findings, is the prevalent Microdochium species in this territory. This is the first record of M. seminicola in Russia. Attempts were made to distinguish between Microdochium species and to identify species-specific morphological characteristics in the anamorph and teleomorph stages and physiological properties. We examined the occurrence frequency of conidia with different numbers of septa in the strains of Microdochium. The predominance of three-septate macroconidia in M. majus was higher than that in M. nivale and typically exceeded 60% occurrence. Most M. majus and M. nivale strains formed walled protoperithecia on wheat stems. Only three strains of M. majus and one strain each of M. nivale and M. seminicola produced mature perithecia. The growth rate of M. seminicola strains was significantly lower on agar media at 5-25 °C than those of M. majus and M. nivale strains. Multimycotoxin analysis by HPLC-MS/MS revealed that the strains of three Microdochium species did not produce any toxic metabolites.Background The spread of carbapenemase genes, such as blaNDM-1, in Proteus mirabilis poses a public health threat. The aim of the study was to characterize the genome and plasmids sequences of an NDM-1-positive strain (IBCRE14), which was isolated in 2019 from a catheterized patient hospitalized in Italy. Methods Whole genome sequencing (WGS) of IBCRE14 was performed on extracted genomic DNA using Sequel I platform. Genome assembly was performed using "Microbial Assembly". Genomic analysis was conducted by uploading the contigs to ResFinder and PlasmidFinder databases from the Center for Genomic Epidemiology. Results IBCRE14 had a genome size of 4,018,329 bp and harboured genes coding for resistance to aminoglycosides (aadA1), phenicol (cat), tetracycline (tetJ), and trimethoprim (dfrA1). A large plasmid (pIB_NDM_1) harboured antibiotic resistance genes against sulphonamide (sul1), trimethoprim (dfrA14), tetracycline (tetB), rifampicin (arr-2), aminoglycosides (aadA1, aph3-VI), and beta-lactams (blaOXA-10, blaNDM-1). Furthermore, a small plasmid (pIB_COL3M) harboured a qnrD1 gene coding for quinolone resistance. Conclusion The ability to conjugate and the presence of a composite antibiotic resistance island suggests that pIB_NDM_1 could both acquire more resistance genes and easily disseminate. To our knowledge, this is the first report on an untypable plasmid harbouring blaNDM-1 in P. mirabilis, in Italy.Desiccation tolerance has been implicated as an important characteristic that potentiates the spread of the bacterial pathogen Acinetobacter baumannii on dry surfaces. Here we explore several factors influencing desiccation survival of A. baumannii. At the macroscale level, we find that desiccation tolerance is influenced by cell density and growth phase. A transcriptome analysis indicates that desiccation represents a unique state for A. baumannii compared to commonly studied growth phases and strongly influences pathways responsible for proteostasis. Remarkably, we find that an increase in total cellular protein aggregates, which is often considered deleterious, correlates positively with the ability of A. baumannii to survive desiccation. We show that inducing protein aggregate formation prior to desiccation increases survival and, importantly, that proteins incorporated into cellular aggregates can retain activity. Our results suggest that protein aggregates may promote desiccation tolerance in A. baumannii through preserving and protecting proteins from damage during desiccation until rehydration occurs.Studies in plant-microbiome currently use diverse protocols, making their comparison difficult and biased. Research in human microbiome have faced similar challenges, but the scientific community proposed various recommendations which could also be applied to phytobiome studies. Here, we addressed the isolation of plant microbiota through apple carposphere and lettuce root microbiome. We demonstrated that the fraction of the culturable epiphytic microbiota harvested by a single wash might only represent one-third of the residing microbiota harvested after four successive washes. In addition, we observed important variability between the efficiency of washing protocols (up to 1.6-fold difference for apple and 1.9 for lettuce). QIIME2 analysis of 16S rRNA gene, showed a significant difference of the alpha and beta diversity between protocols in both cases. The abundance of 76 taxa was significantly different between protocols used for apple. In both cases, differences between protocols disappeared when sequences of the four washes were pooled. Hence, pooling the four successive washes increased the alpha diversity for apple in comparison to a single wash. These results underline the interest of repeated washing to leverage abundance of microbial cells harvested from plant epiphytic microbiota whatever the washing protocols, thus minimizing bias.The aim of this study was to investigate the efficacy of ultrasound-guided percutaneous needle electrolysis (PNE) in mammillary fistulas (MFs). A prospective study was performed in 18 patients with MF who were treated with the PNE technique. The technique was repeated in the case of no response or recurrence. The results obtained show that MFs revealing an elongated appearance with the ultrasound (US) are generally resolved with two sessions of PNE, whereas ovoid MFs require several sessions of PNE for complete resolution and they tend to recur. Success of the treatment with PNE was observed in 88.8% of the patients (16/18), and failure, after five or six sessions in two cases (11.2%), which were referred for surgery. Conclusions To the best of our knowledge this is the first study to reveal that the PNE technique is safe, effective, quick, and well-tolerated by patients.We study theoretically and numerically the electrokinetic behavior of metal microparticles immersed in aqueous electrolytes. We consider small particles subjected to non-homogeneous ac electric fields and we describe their motion as arising from the combination of electrical forces (dielectrophoresis) and the electroosmotic flows on the particle surface (induced-charge electrophoresis). The net particle motion is known as dipolophoresis. We also study the particle motion induced by travelling electric fields. We find analytical expressions for the dielectrophoresis and induced-charge electrophoresis of metal spheres and we compare them with numerical solutions. This validates our numerical method, which we also use to study the dipolophoresis of metal cylinders.Scientific evidence shows that food consumption is one of the main causes that increases the risk of developing a non-communicable disease (NCD) [...]. Background Kidney function in preterm newborns may be impaired by many factors. METHODS 71 newborns with gestational age (GA) less then 32 weeks were enrolled. Serum creatinine (sCr), cystatin C (CysC), beta-trace protein (BTP) and urea were measured at T0 (3rd day of life) and T36 (GA 36 weeks), and estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) was calculated according to different formulas at T36. Pre-natal and post-natal kidney injury risk scores were calculated. RESULTS Newborns with GA ≤ 28 weeks had higher sCr at T0, and lower sCr, BTP and higher urea levels at T36 (p = 0.007, p = 0.005 and p = 0.029, respectively). eGFR values were not different according to GA when calculated by the formulas using only CysC, but were higher in subjects with GA ≤ 28 weeks according to the other formulas. The post-natal score was positively correlated with eGFR according to sCr-based formulas, but the correlations did not persist when adjusted for urea levels and GA. CONCLUSIONS CysC-based eGFR values are not influenced by GA.