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is a medium-sized leguminous plant found widely in tropical to subtropical areas. It has been used as a medicinal ingredient and in rodenticides by local communities in both Indonesia and the Philippines. This study aimed to investigate the wound healing effects of an ointment containing

leaves on inflammatory cells using a rat model. We also determined its effect on the expression of interleukin (IL) 6 and IL-1β.

We used 16 Wistar male rats aged approximately 2 months and weighing 150-200 g. They were divided into four treatment groups (T1, positive control; T2, negative control; T3, wounds treated with

from Indonesia; and T4, wounds treated with

from the Philippines), and the ointment therapies were applied to wounds for 3 days. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was performed to examine the inflammatory cells microscopically. IL-1β and IL-6 expression were observed immunohistochemically.

leaves significantly (p<0.05) decreased the number of inflammatory cells, and the expression of IL-1β and IL-6 in the group treated with Indonesian

leaves was higher than that in the group treated with

leaves from the Philippines. The leaves contain flavonoids, saponins, and tannins, which act as anti-inflammatory agents to enhance the wound healing process.

Our findings suggest that

leaves from both the Philippines and Indonesia possess wound healing properties.

Our findings suggest that G. sepium leaves from both the Philippines and Indonesia possess wound healing properties.

is an important food-borne and zoonotic disease with high morbidity and mortality rates. The objectives of this study were to isolate, serotype, and genetically characterize

spp. from Zarqa river and King Talal dam waters, vegetables irrigated by such waters, and manure of poultry and livestock farms located in the Zarqa river basin in Jordan. In addition, certain virulence factors and antimicrobial resistance patterns of isolated

strains were determined.

A total of 250 samples were cultured using routine microbiological methods. Suspected

spp. were identified based on colony morphology and confirmed using biochemical and molecular methods. Virulence genes including

plasmid were detected using multiplex PCR. Phylogenetic analysis was performed using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE).

In total, 32/250 (12.8%)

spp. isolates were recovered from different sources. Of these, the most common serotype was

subspecies 1 (23 isolates), followed by

serovar Typhimurium (4 isolates),

sn. Appropriate monitoring of irrigation water must be applied to reduce the possibility of cross-contamination.

Results of this study indicate a serious potential threat to public health associated with consuming leafy green vegetables grown on the banks of Zarqa river and its dam because of widespread Salmonella spp. contamination. Appropriate monitoring of irrigation water must be applied to reduce the possibility of cross-contamination.

The present serodiagnosis of brucellosis in livestock is based on the whole cell or smooth lipopolysaccharide of the

organism in which specificity is hampered by the cross-reactivity, especially with the antibodies against

O9 organism. The problem can be addressed by screening for better immunodominant antigens. Hence, the present study was undertaken to screen protein antigens of

for their diagnostic potential in cattle brucellosis.

Protein antigens of

(n=10) non-reactive to antibodies against

O9 were selected, expressed in

, assessed the reactivity of expressed recombinant proteins by Western blot, standardized indirect-enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for detecting

antibodies in cattle serum, and comparative evaluation was done.

All the selected protein antigens were expressed and in the Western blot with

antibodies positive cattle serum, six recombinant (

protein 26 [BP26], Cu-Zn Superoxide dismutase [SodC],

I-1885, Serine protease, Bacterioferritin, and

Lumazine Synthase [BLS]) proteins showed reaction whereas none of the proteins showed reactivity with

negative cattle serum. ELISA has been done using known

positive and negative cattle sera samples (n=113 each) in which the performance of recombinant proteins in diagnosing brucellosis was in the order of BP26 > BLS > SodC followed by rest of the proteins. BP26 based ELISA was found to be better with area under the curve as 0.953, and diagnostic sensitivity, diagnostic specificity, and Youden's index of 90.27%, 95.58%, and 0.8584, respectively, with the excellent agreement (k=0.85).

BP26 could be a potential diagnostic antigen among the immunodominant proteins of

in ruling out

O9 infection while diagnosing brucellosis in cattle herds.

BP26 could be a potential diagnostic antigen among the immunodominant proteins of B. abortus in ruling out Y. selleck enterocolitica O9 infection while diagnosing brucellosis in cattle herds.

African swine fever is one of the severe pathogens of swine. It has a significant impact on production and economics. So far, there are no known remedies, such as vaccines or drugs, reported working successfully. In the present study, the natural oil blend formulation's (NOBF) efficacy was evaluated against ASFV

o using porcine alveolar macrophages (PAMs) cells of swine.

The capacity of NOBF against the ASFV was tested

. The NOBF combines

,

, and

. We used a 2-fold serial dilution to test the NOBF formulation dose, that is, 10

HAD50/mL, against purified lethal dose of African swine in primary PAMs cells of swine. The PAM cells survival, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test, and hemadsorption (HAD) observation were performed to check the NOBF efficacy against ASFV.

The

trial results demonstrated that NOBF up to dilution 13 or 0.000625 mL deactivates the lethal dose 10

HAD50 of ASFV. There was no HAD (Rosetta formation) up to dilution 12 or 0.00125 mL of NOBF. The Ct value obtained by running real-time PCR of the NOBF group at 96 h post-infection was the same as the initial value or lower (25), whereas the Ct value of positive controls increased several folds (17.84).

The

trial demonstrated that NOBF could deactivate the ASFV. The NOBF has the potential to act as anti-ASFV agent in the field. The next step is to conduct

level trial to determine its efficacy.

The in vitro trial demonstrated that NOBF could deactivate the ASFV. The NOBF has the potential to act as anti-ASFV agent in the field. The next step is to conduct in vivo level trial to determine its efficacy.