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The hyaluronan level was also significantly suppressed by GS. Moreover, GS significantly decreased the formation of lipid droplets and expression of PPARγ, C/EBP α/β, and SREBP-1 in a dose-dependent manner. GS pretreatment attenuated the phosphorylation of nuclear factor-kappa B induced by IL-1β. Conclusions Our data show significant inhibitory effects of GS on inflammation, production of hyaluronan, and adipogenesis in orbital fibroblasts. To our knowledge, this is the first in vitro preclinical evidence of the therapeutic effect of GS in GO.Purpose To test whether ganglion cell layer (GCL) and inner plexiform layer (IPL) topography is altered in albinism. Methods Optical coherence tomography scans were analyzed in 30 participants with albinism and 25 control participants. Horizontal and vertical line scans were acquired at the fovea, then strip registered and averaged. The Duke Optical Coherence Tomography Retinal Analysis Program was used to automatically segment the combined GCL and IPL and total retinal thickness, followed by program-assisted manual segmentation of the boundary between the GCL and IPL. Layer thickness and area under the curve (AUC) were calculated within 2.5 mm of the fovea. Nasal-temporal and superior-inferior asymmetry were calculated as an AUC ratio in each quadrant. Results GCL and IPL topography varied between participants. The summed AUC in all quadrants was similar between groups for both the GCL (P = 0.84) and IPL (P = 0.08). Both groups showed nasal-temporal asymmetry in the GCL, but only participants with albinism had nasal-temporal asymmetry in the IPL. Nasal-temporal asymmetry was greater in albinism for both the GCL (P less then 0.0001) and the IPL (P = 0.0006). The GCL usually comprised a greater percentage of the combined GCL and IPL in controls than in albinism. Conclusions The GCL and IPL have greater structural variability than previously reported. GCL and IPL topography are significantly altered in albinism, which suggests differences in the spatial distribution of retinal ganglion cells. This finding provides insight into foveal development and structure-function relationships in foveal hypoplasia.Purpose To assess topographic variations of choroidal thickness (CT) in the fovea and beyond in healthy eyes. Methods This cross-sectional study included healthy subjects ≤ 55 years of age with axial lengths (22-26 mm) and refractive error margins (-4D, +4D) in normal ranges. Images were acquired using swept-source optical coherence tomography angiography (OCT-A). Corneal thickness (CT) maps from 12 × 12-mm radial scans and 9 × 9-mm OCT-A B-scans were analyzed. Results The study included 64 eyes of 33 subjects (mean age, 37 years). Mean CT was >300 µm in all locations except the nasal outer macula. The subfoveal CT was >395 µm in 30% of cases; in 38.7% of cases, >50% of the CT map was thicker than 395 µm. The mean thickest choroidal point was 395.2 µm (range, 164-548 µm), located superior and temporal to the macula in 72.2% of cases and subfoveally in 1.8% of cases. The CT pattern was symmetrical (58%) or asymmetrical (42%) along a horizontal axis correlating with choroidal vein distribution. Half of the asymmetrical patterns were thicker in the inferior quadrants, with an oblique temporal watershed of venous drainage, and the other half were thicker superiorly. The mean vascularity index was ∼75% regardless of the mean CT. Conclusions One-third of healthy eyes of patients younger than age 55 had a thick choroid (>395 µm). In these normal eyes, the thickest choroidal point was not subfoveal, CT symmetry above and below the fovea depended on choroidal vein distribution, and choroidal vascularity index was independent from CT. LBH589 No patients demonstrated fundus autofluorescence abnormalities, and the choriocapillaris remained visible even in thick choroids. These features could be interesting when differentiating normal versus pathological states.OBJECTIVE Little is known about relations between domains of psychosocial risk among pediatric cancer populations. The Psychosocial Assessment Tool 2.0 (PAT2.0) is one internationally validated screening measure that can examine these relations. This study aimed to examine risk profiles and predictors of these patterns exhibited by American and Dutch families. METHODS Caregivers of children newly diagnosed with cancer (N = 262; nUSA=145, nNL=117) completed the PAT2.0 as part of larger studies conducted in the United States and the Netherlands. Latent profile analysis and multinomial logistic regression examined differences in demographic and medical variables across risk profiles. Domains assessed included Family Structure/Resources, Child Problems, Sibling Problems, Family Problems, Caregiver Stress Reactions, and Family Beliefs. RESULTS Four groups were identified "Low-Risk" (n = 162) defined by generally low risk across domains; "Moderate-Caregiver" (n = 55) defined by elevated Caregiver Stress Reactions domain; "Moderate-Children" (n = 25) defined by elevated Child Problems and/or Sibling Problems, and "Elevated-Risk" (n = 20) marked by generally high overall risk. Dutch families had higher odds of being in the Elevated-Risk group, compared to the Low-Risk group. Caregiver age, gender, and educational attainment predicted group membership. Families classified as Targeted or Clinical had higher odds of being in the Moderate or Elevated risk groups. CONCLUSION The PAT2.0 appears to identify largely similar patterns of risk, suggesting that families experience common psychosocial difficulties in both American and Dutch societies. The two Moderate groups demonstrated specific risk sources, suggesting that evaluation of domain patterns, rather than reliance on PAT2.0 risk level, could be of clinical benefit. © The Author(s) 2020. Published by Oxford University Press on behalf of the Society of Pediatric Psychology. All rights reserved. For permissions, please e-mail journals.permissions@oup.com.Saccharomyces cerevisiae is the most extensively studied yeast and, over the last century, provided insights on the physiology, genetics, cellular biology and molecular mechanisms of eukaryotes. More recently, the increase in the discovery of wild strains, species and hybrids of the genus Saccharomyces has shifted the attention towards studies on genome evolution, ecology and biogeography, with the yeast becoming a model system for population genomics studies. The genus currently comprises eight species, some of clear industrial importance, while others are confined to natural environments, such as wild forests devoid from human domestication activities. To date, numerous studies showed that some Saccharomyces species form genetically diverged populations that are structured by geography, ecology or domestication activity and that the yeast species can also hybridise readily both in natural and domesticated environments. Much emphasis is now placed on the evolutionary process that drives phenotypic diversity between species, hybrids and populations to allow adaptation to different niches.