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oused. find protocol No significant mediation of social integration on the effects of the intervention on mental health and substance use outcomes was found. Findings from the qualitative interviews support and expand upon these quantitative findings.In recent decades, global health researchers and policy makers have advocated for men's increased involvement in pregnancy and childbirth with the goal of improving maternal health outcomes. By "involvement," these actors generally refer to narrow-largely Western-definitions of participation accompanying women to antenatal and postpartum care visits, engaging in childbirth education, or being present during delivery. However, such approaches often fail to account for the culturally valid and gendered ways in which men already are involved in supporting women's reproductive health. This study is based on participant observation, semi-structured interviews, and life histories conducted among 106 fathers in eastern Sierra Leone over the course of 2013-2016. Findings demonstrate that in Sierra Leone, where pregnancy and childbirth are considered to belong to the domain of women, men's primary role is to supply the material resources for a safe and healthy birth a nutritious diet, transportation to healthcare facilities, medicines and supplies in the case of emergency, and the items to wash and dress the baby. While evidence suggests that gender norms are shifting to include other forms of intimate and emotional involvement, it is important to recognize existing forms of material support as valuable and essential forms of care. By restricting male involvement to biomedical notions of care, global health programs and policies risk discounting other types of socially meaningful support. Rather than disparaging young, African men for falling short of what Western organizations and researchers perceive to be "correct" behaviors, this paper attempts to highlight men's own understandings of involvement, so as to provide a more complete picture of the gendered nature of reproductive health in this context.Many public health interventions aim to provide individuals with health information on the consequences of behaviours such as smoking, alcohol consumption or preventive care use, with the intention of changing health behaviour through better health knowledge. This paper examines whether the provision of health information in organised breast cancer screening programs affects mammography utilisation via changes in health knowledge. We use unique data on 10,610 European women from the Eurobarometer survey collected in 1997/1998, and we exploit variation in the availability and coverage of organised breast cancer screening programs for causal identification in a difference-in-differences design. We find that health information provision improves health knowledge. Yet, these changes in health knowledge had little to no effects on mammography utilisation in the overall population. Our findings imply that health information provision contributes little to health behaviour change. Although screening programs are effective at increasing preventive care use, their effect can be attributed almost entirely to factors other than health knowledge.Previous studies have revealed medical, democratic, and political factors altering responses to unexpected infectious diseases. However, few studies have attempted to explore the factors affecting disease infection from a social perspective. Here, we argue that trust, which plays an important role in shaping people' s risk perception toward hazards, can also affect risk perception toward infections from a social perspective. Drawing on the indication that risk perception of diseases helps prevent people from being infected by promoting responsible behaviors, it can be further asserted that trust may alter the infection rate of diseases as a result of risk perception toward infectious diseases. This is an essential point for preventing the spread of infectious diseases and should be demonstrated. To empirically test this prediction, this study uses the COVID-19 outbreak in China as an example and applies an original dataset combining real-time big data, official data, and social survey data from 317 cities in 31 Chinese provinces to demonstrate whether trust influences the infection rate of diseases. Multilevel regression analyses reveal three main results (1) trust in local government and media helps to reduce the infection rate of diseases; (2) generalized trust promotes a higher rather than lower infection rate; and (3) the effects of different types of trust are either completely or partly mediated by risk perception toward diseases. The theoretical and practical implications of this study provide suggestions for improving the public health system in response to possible infectious diseases.Testing for spatial dependent heterogeneity in hospital technical efficiency is crucial for separating spatial issues from the effects of regional institutional factors. We apply the Spatial Stochastic Frontier Analysis for studying the presence of spatial dependence by using novel data on Italian hospitals. This approach provides both a robust estimation of hospital technical efficiency and a careful assessment of spatial and regional issues. We find empirical support for the idea that regional and institutional factors are more important than neighbouring effects when looking at heterogeneity in hospital technical efficiency across Italy. The relevance of the regional organization of the Italian hospital system can justify our results. We also discuss the limitations of our analysis and provide sensitivity checks.There is substantial cross-national variation in the damage caused by COVID-19 and scant evidence on social and cultural factors that contribute to this variation. Our ecologic study of country differences in COVID-19 mortality found that deaths have increased faster in societies that had less confidence in state institutions and less civic engagement, more social trust and group affiliations, and higher income inequality (Elgar et al., 2020). Here, we respond to three criticisms of the study raised by Lindström (2020) regarding (1) socioeconomic patterns in influenza pandemics and the current COVID-19 pandemic, (2) data gaps in cross-national studies of wealth inequality and (3) the robustness of our findings across previous survey cycles of the World Values Survey. We stand by our results and encourage further investigation using larger samples, longer time periods and different approaches and measures. It is vital for social science to contribute to policy decisions that can mitigate the enormous human toll of the pandemic.