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w.; into the internal carotid artery within 2 h after finishing cytotoxic edema induction in a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w.; into internal carotid artery 10 min after edema induction by BBBd in a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w.Herbal compounds including those already well-established in traditional Chinese medicine have been increasingly tested in the treatment of various diseases. selleck compound Recent studies have shown that herbal compounds can be of benefit also for pulmonary silicosis as they can diminish changes associated with silica-induced inflammation, fibrosis, and oxidative stress. Due to a lack of effective therapeutic strategies, development of novel approaches which may be introduced particularly in the early stage of the disease, is urgently needed. This review summarizes positive effects of several alternative plant-based drugs in the models of experimental silicosis with a potential for subsequent clinical investigation and use in future.Chronic wound is a serious medical issue due to its high prevalence and complications; hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is also considered in comprehensive treatment. Clinical trials, including large meta-analyses bring inconsistent results about HBOT efficacy. This review is summarizing the possible effect of HBOT on the healing of chronic wound models at the cellular level. HBOT undoubtedly escalates the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen radicals (ROS and RNS), which underlie both the therapeutic and toxic effects of HBOT on certain tissues. HBOT paradoxically elevates the concentration of Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 1 by diverting the HIF-1 degradation to pathways that are independent of the oxygen concentration. Elevated HIF-1 stimulates the production of different growth factors, boosting the healing process. HBOT supports synthesis of Heat shock proteins (HSP), which are serving as chaperones of HIF-1. HBOT has antimicrobial effect, increases the effectiveness of some antibiotics, stimulates fibroblasts growth, collagen synthesis and suppresses the activity of proteolytic enzymes like matrix metalloproteinases. All effects of HBOT were investigated on cell cultures and animal models, the limitation of their translation is discussed at the end of this review.According to an influential account of aging effects on reading, older adults (65+ years) employ a more "risky" reading strategy compared to young adults (18-30 years), in which they attempt to compensate for slower processing by using lexical and contextual knowledge to guess upcoming (i.e., parafoveal) words more often. Consequently, while older adults may read more slowly, they might also skip words more often (by moving their gaze past words without fixating them), especially when these are of higher lexical frequency or more predictable from context. However, this characterization of aging effects on reading has been challenged recently following several failures to replicate key aspects of the risky reading hypothesis, as well as evidence that key effects predicted by the hypothesis are not observed in Chinese reading. To resolve this controversy, we conducted a meta-analysis of 102 eye movement experiments comparing the reading performance of young and older adults. We focused on the reading of sentences displayed normally (i.e., without unusual formatting or structures, or use of gaze-contingent display-change techniques), conducted using an alphabetic script or Chinese, and including experiments manipulating the frequency or predictability of a specific target word. Meta-analysis confirmed that slower reading by older compared to younger adults is accompanied by increased word-skipping, although only for alphabetic scripts. Meta-analysis additionally showed that word-skipping probabilities are unaffected by age differences in word frequency or predictability effects, casting doubt on a central component of the risky reading hypothesis. We consider implications for future research on aging effects on reading. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).In the 1930s and 1940s, the Nazis used science as a tool for shaping state policy. One of the most abhorrent aspects of scientific collaboration with the Nazis at that time was the broadly defined field of "race psychology." In this article, we focus on German comparative research on the psychology of Poles and Germans, as analyzed by Tadeusz Tomaszewski, who is considered to be one of the founders of contemporary Polish psychology. We illuminate this episode from the history of science by providing a full translation of Tomaszewski's article published in 1945 on a research project led by Rudolf Hippius conducted in 1942 in Poznań (in occupied Poland) in the name of the political interests and ideology of the Nazi regime. We also shed light on the historical context of Tomaszewski's article, which facilitates the understanding of the core ideas of race/ethnic psychology per se; the sociohistorical context also provides the framework in which the other research articles that we refer to must be read. Reading Tomaszewski's text today will enhance our understanding of the relationship between science and politics, and serve as a warning for researchers today. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).Illicit drugs like cocaine may be uncertain in terms of the time and effort required to obtain them. Behavior maintained by variable schedules resembles excessive drug-taking compared with fixed schedules. However, no prior research has examined fixed versus variable schedules in drug versus nondrug choice. The present study evaluated cocaine versus food choice under fixed- (FR) and variable-ratio (VR) schedules. The simpler food versus food and cocaine versus cocaine arrangements also were included. Adult female (n = 6) and male (n = 7) rhesus monkeys chose between cocaine (0.01-0.18 mg/kg/injection) and food (4 pellets/delivery), food and food (4 pellets/delivery), or cocaine and cocaine (0.018-0.03 mg/kg/injection) under FR and VR 100 and 200 schedules. In cocaine versus food choice, cocaine's potency to maintain choice was greatest when available under a VR 100 or 200 schedule and food under an FR schedule and was lowest when cocaine was available under an FR 200 schedule and food was available under a VR 200 schedule. In food versus food choice, males chose food associated with a VR schedule more than food associated with an FR schedule. In cocaine versus cocaine choice, females and males chose cocaine associated with a VR schedule more than cocaine associated with an FR schedule, particularly under VR 200. These findings suggest that uncertainty in terms of time and effort required to obtain cocaine, or perhaps the occasional low-cost access that results from VR schedules, results in greater allocation of behavior toward drug reinforcers at the expense of more certain, nondrug alternatives. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).Research into Emotion Decoding Accuracy (EDA) has revealed limited associations with personality. One possible reason could be the neglect of social context influences on the perception of emotions, which is problematic given the interplay of personality with social context. We propose a novel way to understand accuracy in emotion perception, which includes social context and the distinction between accuracy (perceiving the intended emotions) and inaccuracy (perceiving additional emotions to those expressed). In seven studies that utilized three methods, we found that personality traits that tap the social domain, consistently relate, in a meaningful way, to accuracy and inaccuracy in emotion perception. Accuracy and inaccuracy capture different aspects of the variance and do so more than traditional, hit rate based, methods and tests for assessing the accurate decoding of facial emotion expressions. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).School Psychology is an outlet for research on children, youth, educators, and families that has scientific, practice, and policy implications for education and educational systems. In this editorial changes and growth in the journal over the past year pertaining to current and future journal impact, special topics, and editorial leadership are described. Advancements for School Psychology in terms of equity, diversity, and inclusion in the editorial process is reflected upon. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).School psychology is experiencing a shortages crisis. There is also lack of national data regarding current recruitment practices. Understanding these practices is essential to overcome these personnel shortages. In this national study, 151 school psychology programs within the US and its territories were surveyed. Participants were chosen from a national comprehensive list of school psychology programs compiled by the research team. The survey was created through a detailed review of relevant literature and distributed by email using Qualtrics. Various recruitment strategy domains were examined. Findings suggest that program representatives perceived program location to be most important and program cost the least important for students choosing their programs. Furthermore, respondents indicated a general consensus regarding the importance of establishing a recruitment pipeline. Moreover, programs within smaller communities appeared to be more involved in recruitment pipeline efforts. Descriptives for recruitment strategy domains are presented and implications are discussed. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).The topic of replicability has recently captivated the emerging field of network psychometrics. Although methodological practice (e.g., p-hacking) has been identified as a root cause of unreliable research findings in psychological science, the statistical model itself has come under attack in the partial correlation network literature. In a motivating example, I first describe how sampling variability inherent to partial correlations can merely give the appearance of unreliability. For example, when going from zero-order to partial correlations there is necessarily more sampling variability that translates into reduced statistical power. I then introduce novel methodology for deriving expected network replicability (ENR), wherein replication is modeled with the Poisson-binomial distribution. This analytic solution can be used with the Pearson, Spearman, Kendall, and polychoric partial correlation coefficient. I first employed the method to estimate ENR for a variety of data sets from the network literature. Here it was determined that partial correlation networks do not have inherent limitations, given current estimates of replicability were consistent with ENR. I then highlighted sources that can reduce replicability, that is, when going from continuous to ordinal data with few categories and employing a multiple comparisons correction. To address these challenges, I described a strategy for using the proposed method to plan for network replication. I end with recommendations that include the importance of the network literature repositioning itself with gold-standard approaches for assessing replication, including explicit consideration of Type I and Type II error rates. The method for computing ENR is implemented in the R package GGMnonreg. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).