Callesenwebb9733

OBJECTIVE To examine the risk of false-positive reporting within high-quality randomized controlled trials (RCTs) in the sports physical therapy field. DESIGN Cross-sectional. METHODS We searched the Physiotherapy Evidence Database for parallel-design, 2-arm RCTs reporting positive treatment effects, based on null-hypothesis significance testing, and scoring greater than 6/10 on the Physiotherapy Evidence Database scale. No restrictions were made on pathology, intervention, or outcome variables. Sixty-two of 212 RCTs reported positive effects in at least 1 outcome variable. We estimated false-positive risk (FPR) with an online calculator, based on number of participants, P value, and effect size. For each study, FPR was estimated using a range of prior probability assumptions 0.2 (skeptical hypothesis), 0.5, and 0.8 (optimistic hypothesis). RESULTS We calculated the FPR associated with 189 statistically significant findings (P less then .05) reported across 44 trials. The median FPR was 9% (25th-75th percentile, 2%-24%). PHA-767491 Sixty-three percent of statistically significant results (119/189) had an FPR greater than 5%, and 18% (35/189) had an FPR greater than 50%. Changing the prior probability from skeptical to optimistic reduced the median FPR from 29% (25th-75th percentile, 9%-56%) to 2% (25th-75th percentile, 0.6%-7.0%). CONCLUSION High-quality RCTs using null-hypothesis significance testing often overestimated treatment effects. The median FPR was 9% in 1 in 10 trials, the researchers falsely concluded that there was a treatment effect. Future RCTs in sports physical therapy should be informed by prestudy odds and a minimum FPR estimation. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther 2020;50(2)104-109. doi10.2519/jospt.2020.9264.Advances in the understanding of the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2D) have revealed a role for gut microbiota dysbiosis in driving this disease. This suggests the possibility that approaches to restore a healthy host-microbiota relationship might be a means of ameliorating T2D. Indeed, recent studies indicate that many currently used treatments for T2D are reported to impact gut microbiota composition. Such changes in gut microbiota may mediate and/or reflect the efficacy of these interventions. This article outlines the rationale for considering the microbiota as a central determent of development of T2D and, moreover, reviews evidence that impacting microbiota might be germane to amelioration of T2D, both in terms of understanding mechanisms that mediate efficacy of exiting T2D therapies and in developing novel treatments for this disorder.Definitive diagnosis and selection of effective treatment for chronic prostatitis/chronic pelvic pain syndrome (CP/CPPS) are frustrations encountered frequently by urology care providers in their practice. Knowledge of etiology and pathophysiology is not sufficient and therapeutic guidelines have not yielded acceptable outcomes and prognoses for both patients and care providers. The authors present updated perspectives on CP/CPPS, including definition, diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis, based on literature review and clinical experience. A key point is to shift the diagnostic and therapeutic focus from a single entity of disease toward associated symptoms of CP/CPPS. An individualized multimodal treatment approach to cope with the course of the disorder is proposed. Communications and personal/family/community supports are emphasized as an important component in the therapeutic regime and rehabilitation of patients with CP/CPPS. The purpose is to improve comprehension on CP/CPPS and to help care providers and patients to achieve the goal of medical intervention-relieving associated symptoms of CP/CPPS and improving the quality of life.This work aims to perform a comparative study of two mechanical processes for the recycling of metals from coaxial cables (aluminium and copper-clad steel) Process I - comminution, sieving and electrostatic separation; and Process II - comminution, magnetic separation and electrostatic separation. Characterization techniques were performed on the cables to discover their composition. The parameters evaluated of electrostatic separation were roll speed (n), electrostatic electrode distance (D2), voltage applied to the electrodes (U) and splitter angle (γ). The best conditions for electrostatic separation were Process I - n = 30 rpm, D2 = 8 cm, U = 30 kV and γ = 0°; Process II - n = 10 rpm, D2 = 10 cm, U = 25 kV and γ = 2.5°. Process I presented aluminium with purity of 99.51% and recovery efficiency of 94.53%, as well as copper-clad steel with purity of 96.79% and recovery efficiency of 99.68%. Process II presented aluminium with purity of 96.51% and recovery of 70.12%, as well as copper-clad steel with purity of 99.53% and recovery of 99.46%. A simplified economic assessment was performed on both process, and Process I has demonstrated to be the most profitable for coaxial cable recycling. The results showed that Process I is promising for the recovery of metals from cables due to its simplicity and lower cost, being capable of wide application to other processes that contain a mixture of conductive and non-conductive particles.When new protocols are developed, there is a requirement to investigate test-retest reliability of measures for valid use and interpretation of data in research and practice. Therefore, the aim of this investigation was to determine the inter-day reliability of the cable put and seated rotation assessment protocols. On three occasions, nine resistance-trained men performed cable puts and cable rotations at different loads between 6 and 42 kg on a commercially available cable cross over machine. Load stack movement was recorded using a PT5A linear position transducer from which all kinematic and kinetic variables were calculated. Reliability was excellent for peak velocity and displacement based on intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV) across the majority of loads and movements (cable put ICC = 0.92 to 0.99, CV = 3.1% to 8.6%; cable seated rotation ICC = 0.76 to 0.99, CV = -1.7% to 16.1%). However, kinetic variables demonstrated inadequate reliability across the majority of days, loads and movements (ICC = 0.70, CV >10%). It was concluded that peak velocity is a reliable kinematic measure to assess muscular capability from cable put and seated rotation protocols; however, kinetic measures are too variable to provide reliable outputs across testing occasions.Medication-assisted therapy (MAT) for opioid use disorders is an effective treatment strategy. Racial/ethnic and gender disparities in MAT utilization have been documented, but less is known about disparities in MAT outcomes. We used the Treatment Episodes Dataset-Discharges (TEDS-D; 2015- 2017) to identify outpatient treatment episodes with heroin or illicit opioids indicated at admission (n = 232,547). We used multivariate logistic regression to model the association between MAT and a reduction in opioid use between treatment admission and discharge. We explored moderation by race/ethnicity and gender by including an interaction term. We identified a strong moderating effect of race/ethnicity and gender. American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) women demonstrated the strongest association between MAT (versus no MAT) and a reduction in opioid use (aOR = 6.05, 95% CI = 4.81- 7.61), while White men demonstrated the weakest association (aOR = 2.78, CI = 2.70- 2.87). Our findings could inform changes in clinical MAT settings that are based on harm reduction and the incremental transition from illicit opioids to medication-assistance among a diverse opioid use disorder population.Wogonin, one of the flavonoids isolated from Scutellaria baicalensis, exhibits some beneficial bioactivities, including anti-inflammatory and anticancer effects, and is metabolized into glucuronide by UDP-glucuronosyltransferase (UGT) enzymes in humans. In the present study, wogonin glucuronidation was examined in the liver and intestinal microsomes of humans, monkeys, dogs, rats, and mice using a kinetic analysis.The kinetics of wogonin glucuronidation by liver microsomes followed the biphasic model in all species examined. CLint values (x-intercept) based on v versus V/[S] plots were rats > humans ≈ monkeys > mice > dogs. The kinetics of intestinal microsomes fit the Michaelis-Menten model for humans, monkeys, rats, and mice and the substrate inhibition model for dogs. CLint values were rats > monkeys > mice > dogs > humans. The tissue dependence of CLint values was liver microsomes > intestinal microsomes for humans, dogs, and rats, and liver microsomes ≈ intestinal microsomes for monkeys and mice.These results demonstrated that the metabolic abilities of UGT enzymes toward wogonin in the liver and intestines markedly differ among humans, monkeys, dogs, rats, and mice, and suggest that species differences are closely associated with the biological effects of wogonin.This study aims to quantify the association between aerobic fitness and academic achievement, and determine how different aerobic fitness tests and individual demographic characteristics may modify this association. It includes 41 cross-sectional and 7 longitudinal studies focusing on children and adolescents, from MEDLINE, EMBASE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, Cochrane Database and Web of Science. Pooled effect sizes (ES) were estimated for the association between aerobic fitness and specific domains of academic achievement. Subgroup analyses and meta-regressions were based on aerobic fitness tests and demographic characteristics. The ES for the association between aerobic fitness with language/reading-skills, mathematics-related skills and composite scores, were 0.23 (95% CI 0.12; 0.34); 0.27 (95% CI 0.19; 0.36) and 0.28 (95% CI 0.12; 0.45), respectively. Subgroup analyses by aerobic fitness test modified these associations; additionally, analyses by sex or age showed differences between boys and girls as well as between children and adolescents. Finally, meta-regressions revealed a slight effect of body mass index on these associations. Cardiorespiratory fitness is positively associated with academic achievement. Associations were dependent on demographic and aerobic fitness test characteristics, being stronger in boys than in girls, and in children than in adolescents.Systematic review registration PROSPERO CRD42017069677.Objectives To systematically review the risk of sustained amenorrhoea with intravenous (IV) cyclophosphamide in autoimmune rheumatic disease (ARD), and evaluate the efficacy of gonadotropin releasing hormone agonists (GnRHa) to reduce this risk.Methods Systematic search for papers reporting the incidence of sustained amenorrhoea ≥ 12 months in ARD following IV cyclophosphamide; or GnRHa and IV cyclophosphamide compared to IV cyclophosphamide alone.Results From 31 articles and 1388 patients with a mean age of 27.7 years, sustained amenorrhoea occurred in 273 patients (19.7%). Of 56 patients (mean age range 23.9-25.6 years) receiving GnRHa and IV cyclophosphamide, and 37 controls (mean age range 25-30.1 years) given IV cyclophosphamide only, sustained amenorrhoea occurred in 2/56 (3.6%) patients treated with GnRHa, compared to 15/37 (40.5%) controls. Pooled odds ratio of sustained amenorrhoea with GnRHa and cyclophosphamide versus cyclophosphamide alone was 0.054 (95% CI 0.0115-0.2576 p5g. GnRHa reduced this risk and should be considered with IV cyclophosphamide in women of childbearing age with ARD.