Gregersenboone6114

Our data indicate that even low-level metal pollution can affect the diversity of microbiota and be associated with deterministic differences in composition of host gut microbiota in wild animal populations. These findings highlight the need to study a broader range of metals and their cocktails that are more representative of the types of environmental exposure experienced by wild animals.Global land use changes that tend to satisfy the food needs of augmenting population is provoking agricultural soils to act as a carbon (C) source rather than sink. Agricultural management practices are crucial to offset the anthropogenic C emission; hence, Carbon sequestration (CS) in agriculture is a viable option for reversing this cycle, but it is based on hypotheses that must be questioned in order to contribute to the development of new agricultural techniques. selleck This review summarizes a global perspective focusing on 5 developing countries (DC) (Bangladesh, Brazil, Argentina, Nigeria and Mexico) because of their importance on global C budget and on the agricultural sector as well as the impact produced by several global practices such as tillage, agroforestry systems, silvopasture, 4p1000 on CO2 sequestration. We also discussed about global policies regarding CS and tools available to measure CS. We found that among all practices agroforestry deemed to be the most promising approach and conversion from pt and promote C plantings. Otherwise, policy failure may occur. Moreover, to determine the true effect of these activities or regulations on CS, we must concurrently analyze SOC stock adjustments using models or direct measurements. Above all, SOC is the founding block of sustainable agriculture and inextricably linked with food security. Climate-smart managing of agriculture is very crucial for a massive SOC stock globally especially in DC's.Nitrogen (N) deposition often promotes aboveground net primary productivity (ANPP), but has adverse effects on terrestrial ecosystem biodiversity. It is unclear, however, whether biomass production and biodiversity are equally altered by seasonal N enrichment, as there is a temporal pattern to atmospheric N deposition. By adding N in autumn, winter, or growing season from October 2014 to May 2019 in a temperate grassland in China, we found that N addition promoted peak plant community ANPP, but tended to decrease plant richness. Regardless of seasonal N additions, precipitation was positively correlated with plant community ANPP, confirming that precipitation is the primary limiting factor in this semiarid grassland. Unexpectedly, N addition in autumn or growing season, but not in winter, increased the sensitivity of plant communities to precipitation (i.e., the slope of the positive relationship between community ANPP and precipitation), indicating that precipitation determines the influence of seasonal N enrichment on plant community biomass production. These findings suggest that previous studies in which N was added in a single season, e.g., the growing season, have likely overestimated the effects of N deposition on ecosystem primary productivity, especially during wet years. This study illustrates that multi-season N addition in agreement with predicted seasonal patterns of N deposition needs to be evaluated to precisely assess ecosystem responses.The ecological consequences of soil salinization, one of the major causes of soil degradation worldwide, on soil carbon (C) emissions are well known, but less is known about the related microbial C metabolic function. We conducted laboratory incubation experiments on soil samples under a salt gradient at four levels (non-saline, low, medium, and high salinity soils) from coastal saline-alkaline soil of the Yellow River Delta, China, to assess the role of soil salinity in regulating C emissions and microbial abundance. We also evaluated the associations between salt content and the read number of microbial C metabolism genes by determining the soil metagenomes. We found that soil salinity was negatively related to soil C, nitrogen (N) content, C emissions, bacterial gene copy number, and the relative abundances of Actinobacteria, Thermoleophilia, and Betaproteobacteria, but positively related to the C/N ratio and the relative abundance of Gemaproteobacteria and Halobacteria. Increases in soil salinity correlated with decreases in carbohydrate metabolism and gene abundances of glycosyl transferases and glycoside hydrolases based on the metagenomic data. In contrast, the enzyme active genes of carbohydrate esterases and auxiliary activities were positively related to soil salinity. This study provides a clear understanding of the response of soil microbial communities and their C metabolic functions to soil salinity. We offer evidence that soil salinity has significant effects on microbial communities and soil C metabolic functions, resulting in an overall negative effect on soil C emissions.Recent studies in the southwestern United States have shown that smelting processes and mine tailings emit heavy metal(loid)s that are distributed via wind dispersion to nearby communities. With increased attention regarding the effect of air pollution on environmental health, communities have begun to use citizen/community-based monitoring techniques to measure the concentration of metal(loid)s and evaluate their air quality. This study was conducted in a mining community to assess the efficacy of foliar surfaces as compared to an inverted disc (frisbee) to sample aerosol pollutants in ambient air. The assessment was conducted by evaluating As, Pb, Cd, Cu, Al, Ni, and Zn concentrations versus distance from a former smelter, statistical and regression analyses, and enrichment factor calculations compared to similar sites worldwide. Both the foliar and frisbee collection methods had a decrease in metal(loid)s concentration as a function of distance from the retired smelter. Statistical calculations show that the collection methods had similar mean concentrations for all of the metal(loid)s of interest; however, the tests also indicate that the frisbee collection method generally collected more dust than the foliar method. The enrichment factors from both collection methods were comparable to similar studies by other mining areas referenced, except for aluminum. Since there is evidence of enrichment, correlation between methods, and citizen/community science potential, these efforts show promise for the field. Further studies should consider alternating the types of plant used for foliar collection as well as collecting samples on a more frequent basis in order to sufficiently categorize results based on meteorological conditions.With changing numbers, compositions, emission standards and fuel quality of on-road vehicles, it is imperative to accordingly characterize and update vehicular emissions of carbonaceous aerosols for better understanding their health and climatic effects. In this study, a 7-day field campaign was conducted in 2019 in a busy urban tunnel (>30,000 vehicles day-1) in south China with filter-based aerosol samples collected every 2 h at both the inlet and the outlet for measuring carbonaceous aerosols and their light absorbing properties. Observed fleet average emission factor (EF) of total carbon (TC) was 13.4 ± 8.3 mg veh-1 km-1, and 17.4 ± 11.3 mg veh-1 km-1 if electric and LPG-driven vehicles were excluded; and fleet average EF of organic carbon (OC) and elemental carbon (EC) was 8.5 ± 6.6 and 4.9 ± 2.6 mg veh-1 km-1 (11.0 ± 8.8 and 6.3 ± 3.6 mg veh-1 km-1 if excluding electric and LPG vehicles), respectively. Regression analysis revealed an average TC-EF of 319.8 mg veh-1 km-1 for diesel vehicles and 2.1 mg veh-1 km-1 for gasoline vehicles, and although diesel vehicles only shared ~4% in the fleet compositions, they still dominate on-road vehicular carbonaceous aerosol emissions due to their over 150 times higher average TC-EF than gasoline vehicles. Filter-based light absorption measurement demonstrated that on average brown carbon (BrC) could account for 19.1% of the total carbonaceous light absorption at 405 nm, and the average mass absorption efficiency of EC at 635 nm and that of OC at 405 nm were 5.2 m2 g-1 C and 1.0 m2 g-1 C, respectively.Significant release of rare earth elements (REEs) into the environment is mainly due to active or abandoned mining sites, but their presence is globally increasing due to their use in several industrial sectors. The effects on primary producers as Raphidocelis subcapitata are still limited. This research focused on La and Ce as the two most widespread REEs that can be currently found up to hundreds of μg/L in water and wastewater. Microalgae were exposed to La and Ce for 3 days (pH = 7.8) (short-term exposure) to derive the effective concentrations inhibiting the growth on 10% (EC10) of the exposed population. EC10 values (0.5 mg/L of La and 0.4 mg/L of Ce) were used for the 28 days long-term exposure (renewal test) to observe after 7, 14, 21, and 28 days on a multi-endpoint basis microalgae growth inhibition (GI), biomarkers of stress (reactive oxygen species (ROS), superoxide dismutase (SOD), and catalase (CAT)), and bioconcentration. Results evidenced that La and Ce EC10 increased GI (day 28) up to 38% and 28%, respectively. ROS, CAT, and SOD activities showed differential responses from day 7 to day 14, 21, and 28, suggesting, in most of the cases, that La and Ce effects were counteracted (i.e., being the values at day 28 not significantly different, p > 0.05, from the relative negative controls), except for La-related ROS activities. La and Ce significantly bioconcentrated in microalgae populations up to 2- and 5-fold (i.e., at day 28 compared to day 7), in that order. Bioconcentrated La and Ce were up to 3157 and 1232 μg/g dry weight (day 28), respectively. These results suggested that low La and Ce concentrations can be slightly toxic to R. subcapitata having the potential to be bioaccumulated and potentially transferred along the food web.The plasticizer di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) and its hydrolysate mono(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (MEHP) are major toxicants from plastics, but their association with hormone-dependent cancers has been controversial. We treated the human ovarian cancer cell lines SKOV3 and A2780 with low concentrations of DEHP/MEHP, and found that although no significant effect on cell proliferation was observed, ovarian cancer cell migration, invasion, and epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT) were promoted by submicromolar MEHP but not DEHP. Next, ovarian cancer patient data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) were obtained and subjected to Gene Ontology (GO) and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) supported enrichment and Kaplan-Meier survival analyses, which identified PI3K/Akt pathway as a pivotal signaling pathway in ovarian cancer. We found that 500 nM MEHP treatment significantly increased PIK3CA expression, which could be reversed by the knockdown of peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor alpha (PPARα). Silencing PIK3CA significantly suppressed the MEHP-induced migration, invasion and EMT. In addition, we validated that MEHP treatment promoted phosphorylation of Akt and degradation of IκB-α, thereby activating NF-κB and enhancing NF-κB nuclear translocation. In nude mice, MEHP exposure significantly promoted the metastasis of ovarian cancer xenografts, which could be suppressed by the treatment of PPARα inhibitor GW6471. Our findings showed that low-dose MEHP promoted ovarian cancer progression through activating PI3K/Akt/NF-κB pathway, in a PPARα-dependent manner.