Snyderliu1331

Phenotypic plasticity allows individuals to respond to the selective forces of a new environment, followed by adaptive evolution. We do not know to what extent phenotypic plasticity allows thermal tolerance evolution in bacteria at the border of their physiological limits. We analyzed growth and reaction norms to temperature of strains of two bacterial lineages, Bacillus cereus sensu lato and Bacillus subtilis sensu lato, that evolved in two contrasting environments, a temperate lagoon (T) and a hot spring (H). Our results showed that despite the co-occurrence of members of both lineages in the two contrasting environments, norms of reactions to temperature exhibited a similar pattern only in strains within the lineages, suggesting fixed phenotypic plasticity. Additionally, strains from the H environment showed only two to three degrees centigrade more heat tolerance than strains from the T environment. Their viability decreased at temperatures above their optimal for growth, particularly for the B. cereus lineage. However, sporulation occurred at all temperatures, consistent with the known cell population heterogeneity that allows the Bacillus to anticipate adversity. We suggest that these mesophilic strains survive in the hot-spring as spores and complete their life cycle of germination and growth during intermittent opportunities of moderate temperatures. The limited evolutionary changes towards an increase in heat tolerance in bacteria should alert us of the negative impact of climate change on all biological cycles in the planet, which at its most basic level depends on microorganisms.

Some single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the cytochrome P450

gene lead to decreased enzyme activity and have an impact on drug metabolism. The present study was designed to investigate the patterns of genetic distinction across a hypervariable region of the

gene, known to contain important SNPs, i.e. rs4803419 and rs3745274, among five major ethnic groups of the Pakistani population.

Arlequin v3.5.DnaSPv6.12. and network 5 resources were used to analyze population genetic variance in the partial

gene sequences obtained from 104 human samples belonging to Punjabi, Pathan, Sindhi, Seraiki and Baloch ethnicities of Pakistan. The partial CYP2B6 gene region analyzed in the current study is previously known to possess important SNPs.

The data analyses revealed that genetic variance among samples mainly came from differentiation within the ethnic groups. However, significant genetic variation was also found among the various ethnic groups. The high pairwise Fst genetic distinction was observed bof drugs metabolized by CYP2B6, especially in Seraiki and Balochi ethnicity. The novel heterogeneous SNP, found in the present study, might lead to altered drug-metabolizing potential of CYP2B6 and, therefore, may be implicated in non-responder phenomenon.

Leishmaniasis, a neglected tropical disease, is endemic in several regions globally, but commonly regarded as a disease of travelers in the United States (US). The literature on leishmaniasis among hospitalized women in the US is very limited. The aim of this study was to explore trends and risk factors for leishmaniasis among hospitalized women of reproductive age within the US.

We analyzed hospital admissions data from the 2002-2017 Nationwide Inpatient Sample among women aged 15-49 years. We conducted descriptive statistics and bivariate analyses for factors associated with leishmaniasis. Utilizing logistic regression, we assessed the association between sociodemographic and hospital characteristics with leishmaniasis disease among hospitalized women of reproductive age in the US. Joinpoint regression was used to examine trends over time.

We analyzed 131,529,239 hospitalizations; among these, 207 cases of leishmaniasis hospitalizations were identified, equivalent to an overall prevalence of 1.57 casens. Thus, appropriate educational, public health and policy initiatives are needed to increase clinical awareness and timely diagnosis/treatment of the disease.

Over the last decade, Uganda has registered a significant improvement in the utilization of maternity care services. Unfortunately, this has not resulted in a significant and commensurate improvement in the maternal and child health (MCH) indicators. More than half of all the stillbirths (54 per 1,000 deliveries) occur in the peripartum period. Understanding the predictors of preventable stillbirths (SB) will inform the formulation of strategies to reduce this preventable loss of newborns in the intrapartum period. The objective of this study was to determine the predictors of intrapartum stillbirth among women delivering at Mulago National Referral and Teaching Hospital in Central Uganda.

This was an unmatched case-control study conducted at Mulago Hospital from October 29, 2018 to October 30, 2019. A total of 474 women were included in the analysis 158 as cases with an intrapartum stillbirth and 316 as controls without an intrapartum stillbirth. Bivariable and multivariable logistic regression was done and improving access to quality intrapartum obstetric care have the potential to reduce the incidence of intrapartum SB in our community.Patients and physicians have long looked to physical therapists to help determine an athlete's readiness to return to sport (RTS) following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR). This is a complex decision that must take into account biological healing, joint stability, functional performance, and psychological readiness. Considering that the vast majority of medical professionals use time as the sole determinant of an athlete's readiness, and few are using performance-based criteria, it appears as though our profession is failing to capture the necessary information to make this weighty recommendation. The time is now to take a hard look at current practice patterns with RTS testing and push the envelope forward. The purpose of this clinical commentary is challenge our failing status quo by disseminating a robust model for RTS testing that incorporates temporal and criterion-based factors, as well as intrinsic and extrinsic data.

5.

5.

Persisting reductions in ankle dorsiflexion range of motion are commonly encountered clinically and seen to be associated with adverse outcomes after ankle and other lower extremity injuries. Accordingly improving identified deficits is a common goal for rehabilitation; however, little data exists documenting any improvement related to interventions in these patients.

To document the change in dorsiflexion range of motion after stretching and mobilization-with-movement and exercise and a novel manipulation intervention in a population of injured athletes.

Case series in 38 consecutive injured athletes with persisting reductions in ankle dorsiflexion range of motion (42 "stiff" ankles, 34 uninjured) in an outpatient sports physiotherapy clinic.

During a single treatment session, two baseline measurements of weight-bearing dorsiflexion were taken at the start of the session to establish reliability and minimum detectable change, and then the same measures were performed after stretching and a mobilizatirsiflexion range of motion in this cohort with persisting ankle stiffness. The interventions described largely restored range of motion consistent with baseline levels of the uninjured ankles. Improvements were also seen in the uninjured ankles following intervention.

Post-professional residency training in sports physical therapy has undergone rapid growth since its inception over 20 years ago with 58 programs currently accredited.

The purpose of this survey was to describe and contrast the demographics, motivations, and selection influences from the perspective of both potential training applicants and program faculty.

Cross-sectional descriptive survey.

156 physical therapists identified as stakeholders in sports residency and fellowship training were invited to participate in a 115-item survey. Descriptive measures of central tendencies to describe the data and Mann Whitney Rank Sum tests were used to detect differences between the perspectives of applicants and faculty.

50 program faculty and 57 applicants responded to the survey for a 69% response rate. Motivations for post-professional training categorized as extremely important were largely intrinsic behavioral modifiers centering on improved knowledge, skills, and outcomes while satisfying a passion for cy training may be slightly different between groups the importance of information acquisition and methods for residency selection criteria seem more congruent. Residency faculty may underestimate the importance of some of the most important motivations that prompt interest in residency training. Recognition of these factors may alter the presentation and content design of residency curriculums.

Very limited investigations have been conducted exploring risk factors for injury in water polo players. A gap remains in the literature regarding identification of variables that should be considered as part of player screening evaluations.

To estimate whether previous injury, changes in strength, range of motion (ROM) or upward scapular rotation (UR) are related to shoulder injuries in water polo players.

Descriptive cohort study.

Thirty-nine international-level players participated (19 males). Shoulder internal (IR) and external rotation (ER) peak torque was measured using an isokinetic device (CONtrex MJ). Shoulder ROM was measured passively using standard goniometry. Scapular UR was measured using a laser digital inclinometer. At baseline players were divided into groups those with and without previous shoulder injuries. Independent t-tests and Mann-Whitney U tests were used to compare the study variables between groups. read more After nine months, a second analysis compared the same athletes, who were thariables such as rest, training load, or psychosocial factors may explain the incidence of new injuries.

Level 3.

Level 3.

Shoulder strength deficits are implicated in arm injuries and performance deficits in baseball players.

To characterize shoulder external (ER) and internal (IR) rotation strength in professional baseball players, and compare strength across player type (pitchers, position players) and geographic origin (North America, Latin America).

Cross-sectional.

Minor league professional baseball players from North America and Latin America (n=242; age=22.4±2.3 years; n=135 pitchers and n=107 position players; n=162 North American and n=80 Latin American players) volunteered at spring training. Bilateral shoulder IR and ER isometric strength was measured in sitting with the arm at the side using a handheld dynamometer stabilized on a wall via a specialized jig. Strength was normalized to body weight, and compared using t-tests between player type and geographic area of origin (p < 0.05).

Position players had greater strength in ER, IR and ERIR (ER0.7-2.7N/kg; IR1.3-3.8N/kg; ERIR ratio 0.36-1.22) compared to pitchers (ER0.5-2.5N/kg; IR0.6- 4.2N/kg; ERIR ratio 0.44-1.16) on the throwing arm. North American pitchers had lower ER [MD= -0.4 (95%CI-0.7,-0.2);p=0.002] and IR [MD= -0.2 (95%CI-0.4,-0.1);p=0.006] than Latin American pitchers on the throwing arm. There were no differences between geographic groups for position players.

Player position and geographic origin influence shoulder rotational strength values in professional baseball players. Position players have 14 - 20% higher ER and IR isometric strength than pitchers. Moreover, Latin American pitchers exhibited 11.8% greater ER strength and 16.7% greater IR strength as compared to North American pitchers. Normative values can be used to determine player deficits, declines in performance, and targets for return to play after injury.

Level II.

Level II.