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cle endosteal width was smaller than pedicle height dimensions at all levels. Pedicle cord length increased caudally. The pedicle dimensions, except angulations, were smaller in females than in males.

Trauma in KwaZulu-Natal province in South Africa constitutes at least 17.8% of overall emergency cases, with hand trauma being common.

Based on these statistics, the authors of this study aimed to identify and describe the most common traumatic hand injuries managed in the province including current trends and intervention practices of occupational therapists to inform future intervention.

Using a mixed-method convergent parallel design, 41 therapists completed an online survey, and 12 therapists participated in two focus group discussions. Survey responses were analysed using descriptive statistics, and the audio-recorded and transcribed focus group discussions were analysed deductively using thematic analysis.

Flexor tendon injuries (88%), extensor tendon injuries (73%), fractures (83%) and combined hand injuries (73%) were the most common injuries noted. Sufficient theoretical knowledge (95%), clinical judgement (93%), available resources (88%), relevant practical experience (83%) and surgeon hand therapy protocols (88%) were identified as essential in managing traumatic hand injuries. Challenges included having limited resources, late referrals and poor communication hindering multidisciplinary practice.

Therapists face challenges in managing traumatic hand injuries, which inhibits optimal intervention planning. These factors may inevitably negatively influence outcomes achieved through occupational therapy for this group of patients.

Therapists face challenges in managing traumatic hand injuries, which inhibits optimal intervention planning. These factors may inevitably negatively influence outcomes achieved through occupational therapy for this group of patients.

The unprecedented outbreak of coronavirus disease (COVID-19) drastically spread worldwide, resulting in extraordinary measures put in place in various countries including Sub Saharan Africa (SSA) countries.

To assess the factors associated with compliance with the public health measures imposed by various SSA countries.

Cross sectional study using self-administered surveys distributed on social media platforms between April 18th and May 16th, 2020, corresponding with the mandatory lockdown period in most SSA countries. Multivariate analysis examined the associated factors.

The prevalence of hand hygiene, quarantine, self isolation practices, wearing of face mask and attending large gatherings during COVID-19 were 94%, 39%, 31%, 64% and 14%, respectively. In multivariate models, older age 49+ years adjusted OR 2.13, 95%CI 1.22,3.71), females (OR 1.41,95%CI 1.03,1.93), Central African countries (OR 3.73,95%CI 2.02,6.87) were associated with wearing face mask. Living alone (aOR 1.52,95%CI 1.04,2.24) during the lockdown was associated with avoiding large gatherings including religious events. Female respondents (aOR 1.61, 95%CI 1.30, 2.00), married (aOR 1.71,95%CI 1.33,2.21) and unemployed (aOR 1.62,95%CI 1.25,2.09) SSAs were more likely to practice self-quarantine measures.

The low prevalence of mitigation practices suggest the need for targeted education campaign programs to sensitise the population.

The low prevalence of mitigation practices suggest the need for targeted education campaign programs to sensitise the population.About 100 years separate the last two pandemics that hit humanity, but scientific development does not seem to have impacted Brazilian society, including its leaders. selleck chemical Remedies without scientific proof, obviously without effectiveness, have been used in Brazil against the Spanish flu and nothing has changed against COVID-19. But perhaps today the process of disinformation is worse because the Internet and social networks are too efficient to spread Fake News, resulting in doctors, politicians and journalists prescribing all kinds of innocuous medicines. In this way, Brazil and its government conduct an erratic confrontation of the disease, based on scientific denialism, with tragic results.

The burden of chronic kidney disease is increasing globally and prompt identification, coupled with improved management of CKD patients have increased the population of pre-dialysis patients. We, therefore, aimed to evaluate the predictors of survival among pre-dialysis CKD patients in South Africa.

We conducted a cohort study of 256 consecutive consenting Black non-dialysis requiring CKD patients attending the renal outpatient clinic of a tertiary Hospital in South Africa from 1st June 2016 to 1st December 2016. Socio-demographic and clinical information of the participants were obtained. Descriptive statistics, Kaplan-Meier curves and Cox proportional hazard regression analyses were conducted to evaluate factors affecting the survival of the participants.

The mean age of the participants was 52.8±14.3 years and 48.0% were females, 52% were males. The death rate increased with worsening haemoglobin level from 0.96 among patients with mild anaemia to 4.29 per 100-person years among patients with severe anaemia. Anaemic patients with GFR < 30mls/min had significantly increased risk of death (HR 11.51, 95% CI 1.62-78.32, P < 0.001).

Mortality in pre-dialysis CKD patients was associated with anaemia and hyperphosphatemia. Clinical interventions targeted at preventing these conditions may improve outcomes among this group of CKD patients.

Mortality in pre-dialysis CKD patients was associated with anaemia and hyperphosphatemia. Clinical interventions targeted at preventing these conditions may improve outcomes among this group of CKD patients.

Taste is the leading sense in how we determine the quality of consumed food. Proper gustatory sensation largely determines the well-being and health of an organism, and this affects their quality of life.

The aim of the present study was to estimate the risk of early taste disorders following implantation surgery.

Twenty patients underwent a taste test before, 1 day after, and 1 month after cochlear implantation. The taste sensations of sweet, sour, salty, and bitter were determined.

Statistical analysis showed no significant differences (p > 0.05) between individual tests among the entire study group. After dividing the respondents into smoking (n=6) and non-smoking (n=14) groups, only a weak correlation (p = 0.043) was found between the results of the first and second examination in the smoker group. However, a statistically significant decrease in the number of saline-sensitive (p<0.001) and acid-sensitive (p = 0.042) subjects was observed.

These findings suggest that people after a cochlear implant may have transient taste disorders. Taste disorder called dysgeusia may be an early complication after the implantation procedure contributing to deterioration of patients quality of life.

These findings suggest that people after a cochlear implant may have transient taste disorders. Taste disorder called dysgeusia may be an early complication after the implantation procedure contributing to deterioration of patients quality of life.

This study assessed the prevalence and associated factors of pneumonia among children under-five years presenting with acute respiratory symptoms.

This was a cross sectional study at the Pediatric Department of Kampala International University - Teaching Hospital, from the month of April to August 2019. The study included 336 children aged 2 to 59 months presenting with acute respiratory symptoms to the pediatric clinic. Pneumonia diagnosis was made according to the World Health Organization definition, modified by a chest radiograph. Structured questionnaires were used to collect data on socio-demographic, environmental and nutrition factors and multivariate logistic regression analysis using STATA version 13.0 was done to assess for the factors independently associated with pneumonia.

Of the 336 children with acute respiratory symptoms, eighty-six, 86 (25.6%) had pneumonia. Factors significantly associated with pneumonia included age below 6 months (OR=3.2, 95%CI=1.17-8.51, p=0.023), rural residence (OR=5.7, 95%CI=2.97-11.05, p <0.001), not up-to-date for age immunization status (OR=2.9, 95%CI=1.05-7.98, p=0.039), severe acute malnutrition (OR=10.8, 95%CI=2.01-58.41, p=0.006), lack of exclusive breastfeeding during the first six months (OR=2.9, 95%CI=1.53-5.53, p=0.001) and exposure to cigarette smoke (OR=3.0, 95%CI=1.35-6.80, p=0.007).

The prevalence of pneumonia in children under-five years was high. Most of the factors associated with pneumonia are modifiable; addressing these factors could reduce this prevalence.

The prevalence of pneumonia in children under-five years was high. Most of the factors associated with pneumonia are modifiable; addressing these factors could reduce this prevalence.

Young people in Ethiopia aged between 18 and 24 who have had sex before age 18 has increased from 35% in 2005 to 40% in 2016 among women and from 9% to 12% among men.

This study aimed to assess the prevalence and factors associated with risky sexual behavior among secondary and preparatory students in Wolaita Sodo town, Wolaita zone, Southern Ethiopia; 2020.

A school-based cross-sectional study was conducted from February 4 to 25, 2020. Multistage sampling was employed to select a random sample of 830 study participants from 2 randomly selected secondary and preparatory schools. Bivariate and multivariate logistic regression analysis was used to examine the relationship between the outcome variables and independent variables.

Among the 306 participants who reported ever having sex, 196 (24.7%) engaged in risky sexual behaviors. Factors significantly associated with risky sexual behavior were; ever used alcohol, ever smoked cigarettes, parent monitoring, and having sexually active close friend/s.

Substantial proportion of study participants engaged in risky sexual behavior calling for more interventions on school student's addictive behaviors. Parents should have frequent, open and informative discussions about substance use and the associated problems with their adolescents.

Substantial proportion of study participants engaged in risky sexual behavior calling for more interventions on school student's addictive behaviors. Parents should have frequent, open and informative discussions about substance use and the associated problems with their adolescents.In the past years, numerous new fatal infections have emerged, including Ebola, Nipah, and Zika viruses, as well as coronaviruses. Recently, infections with severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) have emerged in China, and were then transmitted all over the world, causing the coronavirus disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic, which is transmitted at a higher rate than other diseases caused by coronaviruses. At the time of writing this review, COVID-19 is not contained in most countries in spite of quarantine, physical distancing, and enhanced hygiene measures. In this review, I address different methods for passive and active immunization against this virus, which is known to cause fatal respiratory disease, including natural passive immunization by breast milk, natural active immunization by herd immunization, artificial passive immunization by convalescent plasma or monoclonal antibodies, and artificial active immunization by vaccination. I hope this review will help design a prophylactic approach against outbreaks and pandemics of related coronaviruses in the future.