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Obtaining chemical building blocks from biomass is attractive for meeting sustainability targets. Herein, an effective approach was developed to convert the lignin part of woody biomass into phenol, which is a valuable base chemical. Monomeric alkylmethoxyphenols were obtained from pinewood, rich in guaiacol-type lignin, through Pt/C-catalyzed reductive depolymerization. In a second step, an optimized MoP/SiO2 catalyst was used to selectively remove methoxy groups in these lignin monomers to generate 4-alkylphenols, which were then dealkylated by zeolite-catalyzed transalkylation to a benzene stream. The overall yield of phenol based on the initial lignin content in pinewood was 9.6 mol %. © 2020 The Authors. Published by Wiley-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA.As a clinician, you will often combine patients' narratives with test results in order to obtain a coherent picture and then decide on a way forward. As an educator, you are also likely to combine different information from your learners to arrive at the best feedback, judgement or supervision plan. This is what researchers do when undertaking mixed-methods research qualitative and quantitative data are typically brought together to provide different insights than could be achieved with a single type of data and analysis. Mixed-methods research has much to offer the clinical teacher but may involve more complex study designs than other types of research. Therefore, this article aims to highlight the different designs of mixed-methods research, and the opportunities and challenges that it provides, in order to support researchers who may be undertaking their first mixed-methods research study. © 2020 The Authors. The Clinical Teacher published by Association for the Study of Medical Education and John Wiley & Sons Ltd.AIM A simple approach to detecting dementia in its early stages may help improve patient care. We therefore aimed to assess the power of the Functional Activities Questionnaire (FAQ) for screening dementia among rural-dwelling older adults who are at high-risk for cognitive impairment. METHODS This study included 961 participants at a high-risk for dementia who had been identified from a population-based survey of Chinese rural residents. All participants were aged 65 years and older and positive for cognitive impairment according to the Mini-Mental State Examination or the Ascertain Dementia 8-item Informant Questionnaire screening tests. The FAQ scale was used to evaluate daily activities. Dementia was diagnosed according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th edition, criteria. Receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were used to determine the FAQ's optimal cut-offs for dementia. The power (or accuracy) of the FAQ for screening dementia was analyzed in the total sample aychogeriatric Society.PURPOSE Spontaneous reporting systems (SRSs) are used to discover previously unknown relationships between drugs and adverse drug reactions (ADRs). A plethora of statistical methods have been proposed over the years to identify these drug-ADR pairs. The objective of this study is to compare a wide variety of methods in their ability to detect these signals, especially when their detection is complicated by the presence of innocent bystanders (drugs that are mistaken to be associated with the ADR, since they are prescribed together with the drug that is the ADR's actual cause). METHODS Twelve methods, 24 measures in total, ranging from simple disproportionality measures (eg, the reporting odds ratio), hypothesis tests (eg, test of the Poisson mean), Bayesian shrinkage estimates (eg, the Bayesian confidence propagation neural network, BCPNN) to sparse regression (LASSO), are compared in their ability to detect drug-ADR pairs in a large number of simulated SRSs with varying numbers of innocent bystanders and effect sizes. The area under the precision-recall curve is used to assess the measures' performance. RESULTS Hypothesis tests (especially the test of the Poisson mean) perform best when the associations are weak and there is little to no confounding by other drugs. When the level of confounding increases and/or the effect sizes become larger, Bayesian shrinkage methods should be preferred. The LASSO proves to be the most robust against the innocent bystander effect. Selleck Pevonedistat CONCLUSIONS There is no absolute "winner". Which method to use for a particular SRS depends on the effect sizes and the level of confounding present in the data. © 2020 The Authors. Pharmacoepidemiology and Drug Safety published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.When a bullet punctures a surface, it leaves behind a bullet impact, which can be analyzed in order to determine the origin and trajectory path from which a bullet was discharged using many different scientific methods to reconstruct a shooting scene. The purpose of the research was to test the accuracy and repeatability of reconstructing the impact angle of single bullet impacts using the ellipse method. The research was conducted by firing various calibers of ammunition into drywall panels positioned at varying angles of incidence from 88° until ricochet occurred. This was done in order to determine which caliber type and angle of incidence are most accurate and precise for reconstructing a shooting scene. The study examined four caliber types fired into drywall panels, with 5 repeated shots for each of the 11 angles of incidence (n = 220). Furthermore, 31 participants partook in the study to estimate a bullet impact angle of incidence utilizing the ellipse method. The results show that the best performance (accuracy and repeatability) is seen with the measurements of the 0.45 caliber ammunition. When angle of incidences is low ( less then 64°), the performance (accuracy and repeatability) was seen to be better in all caliber ammunitions. Overall, the data provided for single bullet impacts deposited in drywall show that the ellipse method is useful in providing measurements for most crime scene reconstruction purposes and has also demonstrated that results vary depending on the type of ammunition, firearm, and angle of incidence being examined. © 2020 American Academy of Forensic Sciences.