Ydewashington2212

Spiking activity was recorded from 81% of the microelectrodes approaching the MGB. Histological examination showed localized surgical trauma along the implant. The extent of haemorrhage surrounding the track was measured and found to be significantly reduced with the miniature slim electrodes (541±455 µm vs. 827±647 µm; P less then 0.001). Scoring of the trauma, focusing on tissue disruption, haemorrhage, oedema of glial parenchyma and pyknosis, revealed a significantly lower trauma score for the slim electrodes (P less then 0.0001). SIGNIFICANCE The slim electrodes reduced the extent of acute trauma, while still providing adequate electrode impedance for both stimulating and recording, and providing the option to target stimulate smaller volumes of tissue. The incorporation of microelectrodes into the electrode array may allow for a simplified, single-step surgical approach where confirmatory micro-targeting is done with the same lead used for permanent implantation. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.This work proposes to use Artificial Neural Networks (ANN) for the regression of dosimetric quantities employed in mammography. The data were generated by Monte Carlo simulations using a modified and validated version of PENELOPE (v. 2014) + penEasy (v. 2015) code. A breast model of homogeneous mixture of adipose and glandular tissue was adopted. The ANN were constructed with Keras and scikit-learn libraries for Mean Glandular Dose (MGD) and Air Kerma (Kair) regressions, respectively. In total, seven parameters were considered, including the incident photon energies (from 8.25 to 48.75 keV), the breast geometry, breast glandularity and Kair acquisition geometry. Two ensembles of 5 ANN networks each were formed to calculate MGD and Kair. The Normalized Glandular Dose coefficients (DgN) are calculated by the ratio of the ensembles outputs for MGD and Air Kerma. Polyenergetic DgN values were calculated weighting monoenergetic values by the spectra bin probabilities. The results indicated a very good ANN prediction performance when compared to the validation data, with median errors on the order of the average simulation uncertainties (0.2%). Moreover, the predicted DgN values compared with works previously published were in good agreement, with mean(maximum) differences up to 2.2(9.3)%. Therefore, it was showed that ANN could be a complementary or alternative technique to tables, parametric equations and polynomial fits to estimate DgN values obtained via MC simulations. © 2020 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine.The annotation of three-dimensional (3D) cephalometric landmarks in 3D computerized tomography (CT) has become an essential part of cephalometric analysis, which is used for diagnosis, surgical planning, and treatment evaluation. The automation of 3D landmarking with high-precision remains challenging due to the limited availability of training data and the high computational burden. This paper addresses these challenges by proposing a hierarchical deep-learning method consisting of four stages 1) a basic landmark annotator for 3D skull pose normalization, 2) a deep-learning-based coarse-to-fine landmark annotator on the midsagittal plane, 3) a low-dimensional representation of the total number of landmarks using variational autoencoder (VAE), and 4) a local-to-global landmark annotator. The implementation of the VAE allows two-dimensional-image-based 3D morphological feature learning and similarity/dissimilarity representation learning of the concatenated vectors of cephalometric landmarks. The proposed method achieves an average 3D point-to-point error of 3.63 mm for 93 cephalometric landmarks using a small number of training CT datasets. Notably, the VAE captures variations of craniofacial structural characteristics. Creative Commons Attribution license.We demonstrate the HfSe2 saturable absorber (SA) for the generation of ultrafast pulse laser. The HfSe2 SA device is fabricated by integrating HfSe2 nanosheets (NSs) with a microfiber. The materials and optical characteristics of HfSe2 NSs show their high quality. The nonlinear optical absorption of HfSe2 SA is measured with a modulation depth of 5.8%. Stable soliton mode-locked laser based on HfSe2 SA is realized at the central wavelength of 1561.43 nm with pulse duration of 297 fs and the maximum pulse energy of 2.68 nJ. Tamoxifen datasheet Our soliton fiber laser has a maximum output power of 48.5 mW with a high slope efficiency of 12.8%, which indicate that HfSe2 is a good candidate of SA for high efficient ultrashort pulses generation. © 2020 IOP Publishing Ltd.Monte Carlo (MC) track structure simulation tools are commonly used for predicting radiation induced DNA damage by modeling the physical and chemical reactions at the nanometer scale. However, the outcome of these MC simulations is particularly sensitive to the adopted parameters which vary significantly across studies. In this study, a previously developed full model of nuclear DNA was used to describe the DNA geometry. The TOPAS-nBio MC toolkit was used to investigate the impact of physics and chemistry models as well as three key parameters (the energy threshold for direct damage, the chemical stage time length, and the probability of damage between hydroxyl radical reactions with DNA) on the induction of DNA damage. Our results show that the difference in physics and chemistry models alone can cause differences up to 34% and 16% in the DNA double strand break (DSB) yield, respectively. Additionally, changing the direct damage threshold, chemical stage length, and hydroxyl damage probability can cause differences of up to 26%, 51%, and 71% in predicted DSB yields, respectively, for the configurations in this study. © 2020 Institute of Physics and Engineering in Medicine.We review the binding and energy level alignment of π-conjugated systems on metals, a field which during the last two decades has seen tremendous progress both in terms of experimental characterization as well as in the depth of theoretical understanding. Precise measurements of vertical adsorption distances and the electronic structure together with ab-initio calculations have shown that most of the molecular systems have to be considered as intermediate cases between weak physisorption and strong chemisorption. In this regime, the subtle interplay of different effects such as covalent bonding, charge transfer, electrostatic and van der Waals interactions yields a complex situation with different adsorption mechanisms. In order to establish a better understanding of the binding and the electronic level alignment of π-conjugated molecules on metals, we provide an up-to-date overview of the literature, explain the fundamental concepts as well as the experimental techniques and discuss typical case studies. Thereby, we relate the geometric with the electronic structure in a consistent picture and cover the entire range from weak to strong coupling.