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Imitation provides a reliable method to investigate the developing memory functions in childhood. The present study explored whether 3-4-year-old children are able to revise their previous experiences after a 1 week delay in order to adapt to an altered context. We used a combined short-term (Session 1) and delayed (Session 2) imitation paradigm based on a previous study with 2-year-olds. The constraints (target object close/far) and relatedly the relevance of using a tool in a goal attainment task (irrelevant/relevant, respectively) changed between the sessions. We found that children in Session 1 used the tool only when it was needed (relevant/object far context). After the 1 week delay when the tool was previously irrelevant and then became relevant, children remembered the irrelevant act and applied it in the altered context. When the tool lost its relevance after 1 week, children used the tool less than before, but did not fully omit it, despite its reduced efficiency. The present data with 3-year-olds was compared to a pattern of results with 2-year-olds (from a similar previous study), that allowed to discuss possible developmental transitions in memory and imitation. We propose that the flexible restoration of a formerly irrelevant act and the maintenance of a formerly successful solution indicate flexibility of preschooler's memory when guiding imitation. This flexibility, however, interacts with children's tendency to remain faithful to strategies that were previously ostensively demonstrated to them.

To investigate the incidence of neoplasm of uncertain behavior of uterus (NUBU) diagnosed after hysterectomy, myomectomy, or hysteroscopy for presumed leiomyomas.

We performed this population-based retrospective cohort study using the Korean national health insurance database between January 2002 and December 2018. Women with or without NUBU diagnosed after surgery were extracted using diagnosis codes and procedure codes.

The median age of patients who underwent surgery for presumed leiomyomas was 39 years (interquartile range [IQR] 31-47 years). The median age of women diagnosed with NUBU after surgery was 45 years (IQR 38-49 years). The incidence of NUBU diagnosed after surgery for presumed leiomyomas was 1.89%. The incidences of NUBU diagnosed after hysterectomy, myomectomy, or hysteroscopic myomectomy for presumed leiomyomas were 2.03%, 1.84%, or 1.64%, respectively. There was no difference in the incidence of NUBU according to these surgical methods.

Regardless of the surgical procedure performed, the incidence of NUBU diagnosed after surgery was higher than that of unexpected uterine malignancy diagnosed after hysterectomy (0.19%), myomectomy (0.12%), or hysteroscopic myomectomy (0.86%) for presumed leiomyoma. Compared with unexpected uterine malignancy, NUBU seems to occur in relatively young women.

Regardless of the surgical procedure performed, the incidence of NUBU diagnosed after surgery was higher than that of unexpected uterine malignancy diagnosed after hysterectomy (0.19%), myomectomy (0.12%), or hysteroscopic myomectomy (0.86%) for presumed leiomyoma. Compared with unexpected uterine malignancy, NUBU seems to occur in relatively young women.Modeling and prediction of traffic systems is a challenging task due to the complex interactions within the system. Identification of significant regressors and using them to improve travel time predictions is a concept of interest. In previous studies, such regressors were identified offline and were static in nature. In this study, an iterative joint clustering and prediction approach is proposed to accurately predict spatiotemporal patterns in travel time. The clustering module is tied to the prediction module, and a prediction model is trained on each cluster. The combined clustering and prediction are then iterated until a chosen metric is optimized. This orients clusters of data towards prediction while enabling model development on subsets of travel time data with similar prediction complexity. The clusters created using the joint clustering and prediction approach confirmed to the real-world traffic scenario, forming clusters of high travel time at busy intersections and bus stops across the study stretch and forming clusters of low travel time in the sub-urban areas of the city. Further, a comparison of the developed framework with base methods demonstrated a decrease in prediction errors by at least 22.83%. This indicates that creating clusters of data that are sensitive to the quality of predictions using the joint clustering and prediction framework improves the accuracy of travel time predictions. The study also proposes criteria for choosing the best predictions when cluster-based predictions are used.This study aimed to provide volumetric choroidal readings regarding sex, origin, and eye side from healthy cynomolgus monkey eyes as a reference database using optical coherence tomography (OCT) imaging. A machine learning (ML) algorithm was used to extract the choroid from the volumetric OCT data. Classical computer vision methods were then applied to automatically identify the deepest location in the foveolar depression. The choroidal thickness was determined from this reference point. A total of 374 eyes of 203 cynomolgus macaques from Asian and Mauritius origin were included in the analysis. The overall subfoveolar mean choroidal volume in zone 1, in the region of the central bouquet, was 0.156 mm3 (range, 0.131-0.193 mm3). For the central choroid volume, the coefficient of variation (CV) was found of 6.3%, indicating relatively little variation. Our results show, based on analyses of variance, that monkey origin (Asian or Mauritius) does not influence choroid volumes. Sex had a significant influence on choroidal volumes in the superior-inferior axis (p ≤ 0.01), but not in the fovea centralis. A homogeneous foveolar choroidal architecture was also observed.

Post-hospital discharge mortality is high among undernourished children in many low and middle-income countries. Although a number of quantitative studies have highlighted a range of potential socio-cultural, economic and health system factors influencing paediatric post-discharge treatment-seeking and recovery, few studies have explored family and provider perspectives of the post-discharge period in-depth.

This work was part of a large, multi-country prospective cohort study, the Childhood Acute Illness and Nutrition (CHAIN) Network. We conducted a qualitative sub-study to understand the post-discharge treatment-seeking and recovery experiences of families of undernourished children aged 2-23 months admitted in a rural and urban icddr,b (International Centre for Diarrhoeal Disease Research, Bangladesh) hospital. Methods included repeat in-depth interviews (73 interviews in total) with 29 family members of 17 purposively selected children. These data were supplemented by interviews with 33 health workersng fathers and other 'significant others' in post-discharge advice, and building mobile phone-based support for follow-up care.

Development of interventions that address the challenges that families face is essential to support post-discharge adherence to medical advice and recovery. Potential interventions include strengthening information giving during hospitalization on what post-discharge care is needed and why, reducing direct and indirect costs associated with hospital visits, engaging fathers and other 'significant others' in post-discharge advice, and building mobile phone-based support for follow-up care.[This corrects the article DOI 10.1371/journal.pone.0266316.].

Maternal anaemia is a global public health problem contributing to adverse maternal and perinatal outcomes. In addition to other risk factors, interbirth interval has been identified as a potentially modifiable risk factor of maternal anaemia. However, the current evidence for the association between interbirth interval and maternal anaemia remains inconclusive. Hence, this study examined the association between the interbirth interval and maternal anaemia in sub-Saharan Africa.

We conducted a multinational cross-sectional study of interbirth interval (time between two singleton live births) and maternal anaemia (haemoglobin levels < 12 g/dl for non-pregnant women, < 11 g/dl for pregnant women) for 21 sub-Saharan African countries using the most recent nationally representative Demographic and Health Surveys, 2010-2017. A weighted multivariable fractional polynomial function was used to estimate the non-linear relationship between interbirth interval and maternal anaemia, considering interbirth inte risk of maternal anaemia in sub-Saharan Africa.The roles for glycolytic and respiratory metabolism in supporting in vivo tumor growth in different contexts are not well understood. In this issue of PLOS Biology, a new study reveals that primary and metastatic tumors demonstrate divergent metabolic requirements.

To investigate the optimal time point for diagnosing laryngopharyngeal reflux (LPR) through combining 24-h hypopharyngeal-esophageal multichannel intraluminal impedance-pH (24-h HEMII-pH) monitoring and the multi-time point salivary pepsin test (MTPSPT).

Prospective uncontrolled trial.

Patients with and without LPR symptoms were included as the test group and the control group, respectively. The patients in the test group underwent 24-h HEMII-pH and MTPSPT. The results of 24-h HEMII-pH were used as a diagnostic criterion for LPR, and the diagnostic value of salivary pepsin tests performed at different time points was compared by receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis.

A total of 153 patients were included. Based on 24-h HEMII-pH, the positive rate of LPR in the test group of patients was 84.00%. In the control group, only one person (3.57%) had a positive salivary pepsin test result. The area under the curve (AUC) of the MTPSPT was 0.827. In addition, we separately calculated the AUC of the combined salivary pepsin test at different time points, and found good diagnostic value (AUC=0.799) when the test was combined with the waking, 1 and 2 h after breakfast and lunch, and 1 h after dinner tests. However, when the number of tests were further increased, the diagnostic value did not improve significantly.

Salivary pepsin testing combined with waking, 1 h and 2 h after breakfast and lunch, and 1 h after dinner has almost the same diagnostic value as MTPSPT, and testing at these time points can be an effective method for diagnosing LPR.

3 Laryngoscope, 2022.

3 Laryngoscope, 2022.Most Caribbean islands do not have air pollution surveillance programs. Those who live in these countries are exposed to ambient air pollution from a variety of sources including motor vehicles, ocean-going vessels, and Saharan dust. Selleckchem T-DM1 We conducted an air sampling exposure study in Grenada to describe daily changes in fine particulate matter (PM2.5) pollution, and during Saharan dust episodes. Further, we assessed the impacts of COVID-19 public health interventions on PM2.5 concentrations in 2020. Four fixed-site PurpleAir monitors were installed throughout Grenada, and one on the neighboring island of Carriacou. PM2.5 was measured between January 6 and December 31, 2020. We classified each of these days based on whether COVID-19 public health mitigation measures were in place or not. Descriptive analyses were performed to characterize fluctuations in PM2.5, and we assessed the impacts of public health restrictions on PM2.5 using multivariate regression. The mean daily PM2.5 concentration in 2020 was 4.4 μg/m3.