Clemmensensolomon7961

The prepared g-C3N4 under morphology controlling shows better physic and chemical performance. The synergistic effect of POM and g-C3N4 in the hybrid improves its high photocatalytic capability. The research indicates that g-C3N4-based material is a potential photoelectrode for PEC degradation. Besides, the PMoV nanocomposite shows better activities in the PEC and removal efficiency of RhB. Compared with the same PEC system, the degradation time of RhB is shorter and the degradation efficiency is higher for the MCN/PMoV catalysts.This study investigates the effectiveness of non-activated peroxymonosulfate (PMS) as oxidative agent for water purification in the presence and absence of natural solar radiation. The inactivation of three pathogens (Escherichia coli, Enterococcus faecalis and Pseudomonas aeruginosa) and degradation of three Contaminants of Emerging Concern (CECs) (Trimethoprim-TMP, Sulfamethoxazole-SMX and Diclofenac-DCF) was simultaneously assessed in isotonic water (IW) by testing a wide range of PMS concentrations (from 0.0001 to 0.01 mM). A significant oxidative effect of PMS in darkness was obtained for both bacteria and CEC abatement, but when irradiated with solar light, results demonstrated a great enhancement on all bacterial kinetic rates, reaching >5 Log reduction in 30 min (1.5 kJL-1 of QUV) with 0.005 mM of oxidant as the best concentration. For CECs, higher degradation performance was obtained with 0.01 mM, 80% removal of DCF, SMX and TMP was achieved in 16 min (1.5 kJL-1), 27 min (9.4 kJL-1) and 150 min (16.8 kJL-1), respectively. Besides, the influence of inorganic species on the global PMS/solar system performance was assessed by testing its effectiveness in distilled water (DW), natural well water (WeW) and diluted well water (d-WeW) at 0.01 mM. Results revealed that (i) high chloride concentration (IW) has an important positive effect, (ii) the presence of a complex inorganic chemical water composition reduced the system efficiency (WeW), and (iii) no differences were obtained from the presence of low or high contents of carbonates/bicarbonates (WeW versus d-WeW), obtaining the following global PMS/solar efficiency performance order IW > DW > WeW = d-WeW.Electrochemical oxidation of urea provides an approach to prevent excess urea emissions into the environment while generating value by capturing chemical energy from waste. Unfortunately, the source of high catalytic activity in state-of-the-art doped nickel catalysts for urea oxidation reaction (UOR) activity remains poorly understood, hindering the rational design of new catalyst materials. In particular, the exact role of cobalt as a dopant in Ni(OH)2 to maximize the intrinsic activity towards UOR remains unclear. In this work, we demonstrate how tuning the NiCo ratio allows us to control the intrinsic activity and number of active surface sites, both of which contribute towards increasing UOR performance. We show how Ni90Co10(OH)2 achieves the largest geometric current density due to the increase of available surface sites and that intrinsic activity towards UOR is maximized with Ni20Co80(OH)2. Through density functional theory calculations, we show that the introduction of Co alters the Ni 3d electronic state density distribution to lower the minimum energy required to oxidize Ni and influence potential surface adsorbate interactions.This study aiming to determine the optimal conditions to degrade an organophosphate pesticide diazinon (DZN) at low levels concentrations (μg.mL-1) and to identify the by-products generated. The degradation processes utilized were the Fenton and photo-Fenton. The iron concentration [Fe2+], the hydrogen peroxide concentrations [H2O2], and the solution pH are the investigated parameters. The Doehlert three-parameter experimental design was applied to model and optimize both degradation processes. The mathematical models suggested were assessed and validated by application of analysis of variances ANOVA. In the case of Fenton process, the greatest yield of degradation (79%) was obtained at [Fe2+] = 35 mg.L-1 (0.63 mmol.L-1), [H2O2] = 423 mg.L-1 (12.44 mmol.L-1), and pH = 5.0. In photo-Fenton process, the maximum yield of degradation (96%) was obtained under the conditions of [Fe2+] = 29 mg.L-1 (0.52 mmol.L-1), [H2O2] = 258 mg.L-1 (7.59 mmol.L-1) and pH = 4.6. QuEChERS (quick, easy, cheap, effective, rugged, and safe), as extraction technique, and GC-MS/MS (gas chromatography coupled with triple quadrupole mass spectrometry) were used to identify the by-products degradation of DZN. The identified compounds are diazoxon, triethyl phosphate, triethyl thiophosphate, 2-isopropyl-5-ethyl-6-methylpyrimidine-4-ol, 2-isopropyl-6-methylpyrimidine-4-ol (IMP) and hydroxydiazinon. Three possible pathways for diazinon degradation have been suggested and the hydroxylation, oxidation and hydrolysis are likely probable degradation mechanisms.This paper deals with the membrane fouling issue in the Direct Contact Membrane Distillation (DCMD) process treating a wasted sludge from an anaerobic digestion process. The main objective is to define an optimal cleaning strategy to alleviate fouling. Using a lab scale DCMD process, a cleaning strategy based on DI water flushing followed by 0.2% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and 3% citric acid (C6H8O7) cleaning was tested with different cleaning frequencies and various chemical cleaning durations at different cross-flow velocities. To avoid severe fouling, the optimal cross-flow velocity was found at 0.18 m/s (0.8 L/min). Moreover, even if higher cross-flow velocity allows higher flux, it could increase fouling risks. For a better membrane regeneration and process productivity, a cleaning of 60 min duration for each chemical cleaning applied every two days was defined as the optimal cleaning strategy. Such conditions allowed the preservation of 75.5% of the initial flux after 96 h of operation. Furthermore, the effect on membrane flux regeneration of DI water flushing, sodium hypochlorite, and citric acid cleaning registered were, 31.52%, 11.95% and 20.65%, respectively. This study revealed that in the MD process treating real wastewater both external and internal fouling are responsible of permeate flux decline due to the accumulation of organic and inorganic matter on the membrane surface as well as within the pores.In this paper, cesium (Cs) accumulation by the saprophytic fungus Lentinula edodes (Shiitake) was investigated to contribute to the elucidation of radiocesium-cycling mechanisms in forest environments. Although the 137Cs in the mushroom bed before culture was bioavailable, the transfer factor (TF) of Cs (133Cs and 137Cs) from the mushroom bed to fruit bodies was low (approximately 1) and the TFs of K (5) and Na (1.5) were higher. Cs and K concentrations in fruit bodies at different maturity stages were almost constant. The concentration ratio of Cs/K is constant in the pileus regardless of the pileus tissues. These results demonstrate that Shiitake non-specifically accumulates Cs while accumulating the essential element K and provide evidence that no selective Cs accumulation (or binding) sites exist within the Shiitake fruit body. Furthermore, the present results show that most accumulated Cs quickly leaches out from the dead fruit body with exposure to water. The leached Cs was largely adsorbable on clay minerals, suggesting that the Shiitake fruit body likely contains Cs in the cation form.This study was conducted to assess the potential of a sponges-submerged anaerobic baffled reactor (SS-ABR) for enhancing the processing performance of azo dye-contaminated wastewater. A lab-scale four-compartment SS-ABR, with a total volume of 10 L, was operated at 30 °C for 180 days. A total of 14 polyurethane sponges were added in each compartment to treat synthetic wastewater including a commercial azo dye Hellozol HSR Reactive Black. During the entire operation, in synthetic wastewater, starch was used as a sole carbon source, and the true color level was maintained at 1050 ± 98 Pt/Co. Meanwhile, the hydraulic retention time (HRT) and total COD (T-COD) in the influent were changed to evaluate the SS-ABR treatment performance. After the start-up phase, true color and T-COD removal efficiencies were recorded as 65 ± 3% and 83 ± 2%, 68 ± 5% and 81 ± 4%, and 70 ± 5% and 84 ± 2% for HRT and influent T-COD concentration of 18.6 h and 260 mg L-1, 14.6 h and 260 mg L-1, and 14.6 h and 460 mg L-1, respectively. The microbial community analysis showed that bacterial groups involved in dye degradation, such as Clostridium sp., and sulfate-reducing bacteria Desulfomonile sp. and Desulfovibrio sp. were detected prominently in the SS-ABR. Interestingly, the SS-ABR exhibited the dominance of both Geobacter sp. and Methanosarcina sp., and their occurrences in all columns were proportional to each other, revealing the formation of syntrophic relationships.Methylmercury concentrations vary widely across geographic space and among habitat types, with marine and aquatic-feeding organisms typically exhibiting higher mercury concentrations than terrestrial-feeding organisms. However, there are few model organisms to directly compare mercury concentrations as a result of foraging in marine, estuarine, or terrestrial food webs. The ecological impacts of differential foraging may be especially important for generalist species that exhibit high plasticity in foraging habitats, locations, or diet. Here, we investigate whether foraging habitat, sex, or fidelity to a foraging area impact blood mercury concentrations in western gulls (Larus occidentalis) from three colonies on the US west coast. Cluster analyses showed that nearly 70% of western gulls foraged primarily in ocean or coastal habitats, whereas the remaining gulls foraged in terrestrial and freshwater habitats. Gulls that foraged in ocean or coastal habitats for half or more of their foraging locations had 55% higher mercury concentrations than gulls that forage in freshwater and terrestrial habitats. Ocean-foraging gulls also had lower fidelity to a specific foraging area than freshwater and terrestrial-foraging gulls, but fidelity and sex were unrelated to gull blood mercury concentrations in all models. These findings support existing research that has described elevated mercury levels in species using aquatic habitats. Our analyses also demonstrate that gulls can be used to detect differences in contaminant exposure over broad geographic scales and across coarse habitat types, a factor that may influence gull health and persistence of other populations that forage across the land-sea gradient.The Mediterranean Sea is one of the most polluted marine basins and currently serves as a hotspot for marine litter. learn more The seafloor represents the ultimate sink for most litter worldwide. Nevertheless, the knowledge about litter distribution and its interactions with benthic organisms in deep water is poorly understood. In 2018, we investigated spatial patterns of macro- and micro-litter distribution, and their effects on benthic communities in the Ligurian Sea. An oceanographic survey was carried out with a remotely operated vehicle and a multibeam echosounder on seven seamounts and canyons, at depths ranging from 350 to 2200 m. High litter accumulations were discovered at the mouth of the Monaco canyon, where estimated densities of up to 3.8 × 104 items km-2 were found at 2200 m depth. The highest abundance of urban litter items was found on the soft substrate, at the bottom of the deeper parts of the submarine canyons, which seem to act as conduits carrying litter from the shelf towards deeper areas. In contrast, fishing-related items were most abundant in the upper layer of the seamounts (300-600 m depths).