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0%; 28%-47%) believed men age more gracefully than women. The emphasis respondents placed on the importance of physical attributes vs inner feelings, internal beauty and self-confidence varied between countries. Users were often more positive about aesthetic medical procedure outcomes than non-users. Adequate information, good physician communication (including managing treatment expectations), treatment recommendations based on patient need and good aftercare improved treatment satisfaction. CONCLUSIONS The eyes and smile were key features of attractiveness, but maintaining a healthy lifestyle was consistently considered an important factor for ageing gracefully. Ensuring patients are well informed was a major determinant of treatment satisfaction. © 2020 The Authors. Journal of Cosmetic Dermatology published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc.We used cross-sectional data from the 2016 Nepal National Micronutrient Status Survey to evaluate factors associated with anaemia among a nationally representative sample of nonpregnant women 15- 49 years (n = 1, 918). Haemoglobin, biomarkers of iron status and other micronutrients, infection, inflammation, and blood disorders were assessed from venous blood. Soil-transmitted helminth and Helicobacter pylori infections were assessed from stool. Sociodemographic, household, and health characteristics and diet were ascertained by interview. We conducted bivariate analyses between candidate predictors and anaemia (haemoglobin less then 12.0 g/ dL, altitude- and smoking-adjusted). Candidate predictors that were significant in bivariate models (P less then 0.05) were included in the multivariable logistic regression model, accounting for complex sampling design. Anaemia prevalence was 20.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] [17.6, 22.8]). Associated with reduced anaemia odds were living in the Mountain and Hill ecological zones relative to the Terai (adjusted odds ratio [AOR] 0.35, 95% CI [0.21, 0.60] and AOR 0.41, 95% CI [0.29, 0.59], respectively), recent cough (AOR 0.56, 95% CI [0.38, 0.82]), hormonal contraceptive use (AOR 0.58; 95% CI [0.38, 0.88]), ln ferritin (micrograms per litre; AOR 0.43, 95% CI [0.35, 0.54]), and ln retinol binding protein (micrograms per litre; AOR 0.20, 95% CI [0.11, 0.37]). Residing in a house with an earth floor (AOR 1.74, 95% CI [1.18, 2.56]), glucose-6- phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency (AOR 2.44, 95% CI [1.66, 3.60]), and haemoglobinopathies (AOR 6.15, 95% CI [3.09, 12.26]) were associated with increased anaemia odds. Interventions that improve micronutrient status, ensure access to hormonal birth control, and replace dirt floors to reduce infection risk might help reduce anaemia in this population. © 2020 The Authors. Maternal & Child Nutrition published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.OBJECTIVES To evaluate temporal changes in gingival blood flow (GBF) during progression of periodontitis in rats using a laser Doppler flowmeter (LDF) approach and to characterize morphological and biochemical features in the periodontium associated with GBF. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty-two Wistar rats were divided into a ligature-induced periodontitis group and a control group. To induce periodontitis, ligatures were tied around maxillary first molars bilaterally. GBF was measured in palatal gingiva at pretreatment and following ligature placement after 30 min, 1, 3, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days using LDF with a non-contact probe. Bone loss and gene expression in gingival tissues were assessed using micro-computed tomography (μCT) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR), respectively. Immunostaining for vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) in the maxilla was also histologically evaluated. RESULTS GBF in the ligature group increased significantly compared with the control group 30 min after ligation. However, on days 3 and 7, GBF decreased in the ligature group. Also, after day 10, there was no difference in GBF between groups. The levels of alveolar bone loss, gene expression (interleukin-6, cluster of differentiation-31, VEGF-A, and lymphatic vessel endothelial hyaluronan receptor-1), and immunostained VEGF-positive vessels correlated well with changes in GBF. CONCLUSION PROGRESSION OF PERIODONTITIS In rats was associated with a triphasic pattern of GBF, consisting of a short initial increase, followed by a rapid decrease, and then a gradual plateau phase. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND & AIMS Liver enzymes, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and γ-glutamyltransferase (GGT), have been suggested as surrogate markers of various cardiovascular diseases. However, previous studies assessed liver enzymes only once at baseline. Immunology inhibitor We investigated the association between liver enzyme variability and the risk of mortality and cardiovascular outcomes in general population. METHODS A total of 6 496 271 subjects participating in ≥3 health examinations within the previous 5 years including the index year (2009-2010) were included. Variability was measured using variability independent of the mean. Cox proportional hazard models adjusting demographic factors, comorbidities, blood pressure, total cholesterol, glomerular filtration rate and baseline liver enzyme level were used. RESULTS During a median follow-up of 6 years, there were 106 413 deaths (1.6%), 53 385 myocardial infarctions (MI, 0.8%), 65 143 atrial fibrillations (AF, 1.0%) and 50 139 congestive heart failures (CHF, 0.7%). High variability in AST, ALT and GGT was associated with a higher risk for all-cause mortality, MI, AF and CHF. The degree of association was largest for GGT variability. For the highest quartile of GGT variability relative to the lowest quartile, the hazard ratios (95% confidence intervals) were 1.32 (1.28-1.35) for all-cause mortality, 1.16 (1.11-1.20) for MI, 1.28 (1.18-1.38) for AF and 1.25 (1.20-1.30) for CHF. These findings were consistent regardless of alcohol consumption, body mass index and degree of fatty liver. Sensitivity analysis also revealed similar results. CONCLUSIONS Higher visit-to-visit variability of liver enzymes was an independent predictor of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.