Guldbrandsenestes8812
The injustices wrought by unequal access to the legal system pose a direct threat to the rule of law, yet such injustices are widespread in England and elsewhere. Lawyers regularly criticise governments for a lack of funding for the legal system, but the private market for delivering legal services receives much less scrutiny. A private market for legal resources is antithetical to equal justice because it makes the outcome of cases turn on arbitrary factors such as wealth. The solution, according to Wilmot-Smith in his book Equal Justice, is to socialise the allocation of legal services so that the rich cannot buy the best lawyers, and to prevent them from contracting out of this public system by making private arbitrations unenforceable. This review article argues that Wilmot-Smith's thesis is persuasive, but there might also be second-best solutions that could deliver greater legal equality at lower cost.The article advances an anti-foundationalist account of the key doctrines of the European Court of Human Rights (ECtHR) the margin of appreciation (MoA) and European consensus (EuC). The first part of the article argues that anti-foundationalism, which understands the existence of human rights as ultimately dependent on social practices and their justification as based on a plurality of values, is a credible conception of human rights grounds. The second part contends that anti-foundationalism offers the best explanation of the MoA and EuC, without making the ECtHR's practice less normatively appealing. These arguments challenge the dominant critiques of the MoA and EuC, which often assume, but rarely explicitly defend, a foundationalist understanding of human rights. While the ECtHR's use of the MoA and EuC can be inadequate, this is not because it is mistaken about the grounds of human rights.The appropriate adult (AA) safeguard is an important procedural safeguard that can be implemented to protect vulnerable suspects at the police investigative stage of the criminal process. The safeguard is available for young suspects (below the age of 18) and adult suspects who are defined as vulnerable, and can be performed by a vast array of individuals. It is intended to protect evidence, enable effective participation and avoid miscarriages of justice. However, the safeguard lacks an underpinning conceptual framework; it is, and can, be interpreted in multiple ways, thus undermining its efficacy. Drawing upon doctrinal and socio-legal analysis, this article examines how the safeguard is-and, crucially, can be-conceptualised. It is argued that, although it is used principally as an evidential safeguard, the appropriate adult could be reimagined through the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of Persons with Disabilities and the United Nations Conventions on the Rights of the Child, with a specific focus on allowing for effective participation of the vulnerable suspect.Recent times have seen growing calls for considerations of justice to be given a greater role in international taxation. The main driver of these calls are distributive concerns, although agreement is still missing as to what this means both in principle and in practice. This article asks whether it is the task of international tax law at all to implement principles of distributive justice beyond the national context and gives an overview of how the 'global justice debate' in contemporary political philosophy bears on this question. When it comes to distributive duties with respect to taxing rights, it is crucial to differentiate between the collective and the individual level. Absent a robust assumption of a benevolent and capable government on the recipient side, the reallocation of taxing rights from state to state does not necessarily help when it comes to fulfilling duties of justice towards individuals.This article responds to the widespread uncertainty in UK and international human rights law over the legality of 'conversion therapy', a set of practices that aim to eradicate LGBTIQ+ sexualities and gender identities. The article pursues two main arguments. First, it is argued that all forms of 'conversion therapy' are disrespectful of the equal moral value of LGBTIQ+ people and violate specific protected areas of liberty and equality that are inherent in the idea of human dignity. Secondly, the article develops a theoretical account of degrading treatment under article 3 of the European Convention on Human Rights that illuminates the relationship between the prohibition of degrading treatment, human dignity and antidiscrimination. It is then argued that 'conversion therapy', in all its different forms, spawns the specific kind of degradation that UK and international human rights law prohibit. The article ends by analysing the positive state obligations that arise in this context.For as long as knowledge asymmetry continues to be deemed the defining characteristic of the lay-professional relationship, the courts' delineation of obligations meant to address lay vulnerability will too frequently end up compounding the layperson's non-epistemic, 'sense of self' vulnerability. The proposed re-conceptualisation of professional responsibility calls for reform on several fronts among these, an expanded 'duty to consult' (beyond do-not-resuscitate-orders) is uniquely placed as a justiciable criterion capable of addressing such a situational, 'sense of self' vulnerability.
Nowadays, a set of novel physiotherapy techniques have emerged, in which the physical agent used to try to reduce spasticity is applied percutaneously, specifically, through the patient's skin. The aim of this work is to encompass all the invasive techniques used in spasticity in a single article, updating the existing bibliography.
A systematic review was carried out between December 2020 and April 2021 in the Web of Science, Scopus and PubMed databases, selecting the clinical trials that used acupuncture, electroacupuncture or dry needling as a treatment for spasticity. Sixteen clinical trials were included, summarizing all the study characteristics and the outcome measures, at last the evidence was described for their results.
Most of the studies find a difference of significant decrease in spasticity between the subjects of the experimental groups. Only four studies found no significant changes in spasticity. All the studies are carried out together with the conventional physiotherapy treatment in spasticity.
Treatment with invasive physiotherapy, combined with conventional physiotherapy, seems to have positive effects in reducing spasticity, although more studies are needed to improve the heterogeneity of the interventions and to assess their long-term effectiveness.
Treatment with invasive physiotherapy, combined with conventional physiotherapy, seems to have positive effects in reducing spasticity, although more studies are needed to improve the heterogeneity of the interventions and to assess their long-term effectiveness.
Automotive body painters are at risk of excessive lead exposure that may compromise their health. This study examined the protective effects of masks against lead exposure and its correlation with blood profile of automotive body painters at Ligu district, Semarang, Indonesia.
This cross-sectional study included 61 painters at Ligu district, Semarang, Indonesia (mean age 45 years, 100% male). Cytoskeletal Signaling inhibitor Mask use was categorized into "frequent" and "infrequent". Blood samples were taken to measure lead exposure and haematological parameters (haemoglobin/HGB, erythrocytes/RBC, haematocrit/HCT, mean corpuscular haemoglobin/MCH, mean corpuscular volume/MCV, mean corpuscular haemoglobin concentration/MCHC). Effectivity of mask use against lead exposure was analysed with Fisher's exact test, while lead exposure and haematopoietic parameters were evaluated with Pearson's correlation tests.
There were 26 automotive painters (42.6%) classified as unfrequent mask users, and all of them had high blood lead levels. Most haematopoiesis parameters were in normal range. Workers with infrequent mask use were 1.269 more likely to be exposed to lead compared to those with frequent mask use (CI 95%, 1.082-1.552). Significant associations were found between lead exposure and RBC (p=0.0, r=-0.53), HGB (p=0, r=-0.61), and HCT (p=0.00, r=-0.61). No significant correlations were observed between lead exposure and MCV, MCH, MCHC.
Lead exposure was significantly associated with haematological parameters RBC, HGB, and HCT, confirming the effects of prolonged exposure on blood profile. However, mask use provided significant protection against lead exposure in automotive body painters and should be an obligatory gear for workers.
Lead exposure was significantly associated with haematological parameters RBC, HGB, and HCT, confirming the effects of prolonged exposure on blood profile. However, mask use provided significant protection against lead exposure in automotive body painters and should be an obligatory gear for workers.
Historically, warfarin was the mainstay anticoagulant agent to manage patients presenting with thrombotic disorders caused by Protein C or S deficiency. Several direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) were introduced over the past decade. They showed superiority over warfarin in patients with venous thromboembolism in many landmark trials. Insufficient data are available that examine the outcome of utilizing apixaban in patients with protein S deficiency induce thrombosis.
We reported the clinical outcomes of utilizing apixaban in four patients with systemic thrombosis caused by protein C or S deficiency who presented to a tertiary hospital in Riyadh, Saudi Arabia. Four patients exhibited typical features of thrombotic events. After confirming the diagnosis, one patient was initially started on apixaban, and the other three patients were converted from warfarin to apixaban. Three of the four patients tolerated the apixaban during the follow-up period. Additionally, they did not have any bleeding or thrombotic complications. However, one patient developed recurrent thrombotic events despite switching to different type of DOAC and was ultimately transitioned back to warfarin.
Based on the available emerging evidence and our case series, the use of apixaban could be effective in preventing recurrent thrombotic events in patients with inherited thrombophilia without safety concerns. Further, large studies are warranted to investigate the safety and efficacy of apixaban in these population.
Based on the available emerging evidence and our case series, the use of apixaban could be effective in preventing recurrent thrombotic events in patients with inherited thrombophilia without safety concerns. Further, large studies are warranted to investigate the safety and efficacy of apixaban in these population.The treatment paradigm for malignant pleural mesothelioma (MPM) has changed little in the last 18 years. Radical intent treatment, consisting of surgical resection, radiotherapy and chemotherapy, has been offered to a highly select few; however, there is little randomised evidence to validate this approach. Prior to 2020 chemotherapy with platinum and an anti-folate was the only intervention with randomised evidence to demonstrate improved overall survival (OS) in MPM. No systemic therapy had been demonstrated to improve OS in the second line setting until 2020. The publication of the Checkmate 743 trial in 2021 demonstrated a survival benefit of combination immunotherapy over standard chemotherapy in newly diagnosed patients with MPM. This finding was shortly followed by the CONFIRM trial which demonstrates a modest but significant survival benefit of second line nivolumab versus placebo in patients having previously received standard chemotherapy. The results of these trials, recent biomarker directed therapy and chemotherapy adjuncts are discussed within this review.
