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er understand the main effective components of rhubarb and its mechanisms about targets of F2 and FGG in PBRB, especially the new therapeutic target FGG, which also provide a basis for establishing a quality control for rhubarb by bioassays that could correlate the clinical efficacy and its mechanism.Ethnopharmacological relevance Various traditional texts like Ayurveda and Materia Medica profoundly mentioned the ethnopharmacological use of Terminalia bellirica fruit for its protective effect on heart and various other vital organs. Hence the present research was focussed to scientifically prove the effect of T. bellirica in support of its traditionally claimed use as cardioprotective agent. Aim the study The aim and objective of the present study was to investigate the protective effect of T. bellirica (Roxb.) against drugs viz. Doxorubicin (DOX) and Isoproterenol (ISO) induced cardiotoxicity in wistar albino rats. Material and methods Cardiotoxicity was induced using DOX (15 mg/kg, i.p.) and ISO (85 mg/kg s.c.) models. Methanolic extract of T. bellirica (METB) was subjected to rats in two different doses (low dose of 250 mg/kg p.o.; and high dose of 500 mg/kg p.o.) for the purpose of investigation of various biochemical markers present in cardiac tissue as well as in blood serum, in order to assess the ngs of myocardium. Conclusion In the present study it was concluded that T. bellirica fruit has profound potential for the treatment of drugs induced cardiotoxicity suggesting the consumption of T. bellirica for cardiac benefits during routine treatment of cardiotoxicity.Ethnopharmacological relevance Cecropia peltata L. (CP) leaves have been used in Latin American traditional medicine by its purported hypoglycemic, anti-inflammatory and antioxidant properties. Purpose The aim of this study was to evaluate the metabolic effects of an ethanolic extract of CP leaves in rats fed a high-fat diet and 10% of sugar in water (HFD). Methods Male Wistar rats were randomly divided into four groups group 1 was fed a control diet; groups 2, 3 and 4 were fed a HFD. In addition, group 3 was co-administered with 10 mg/kg/day of CP extract (HFD + CP) and group 4 with a solution of 5 mg/kg/day metformin (HFD + M) for 90 days. Results Body weight gain and serum triglycerides were significantly decreased in the HFD + CP group compared with the HFD and HFD + M groups. Glucose tolerance increased in the HFD + CP compared with the HFD group. Administration with CP extract reduced adipose tissue lipolysis and lipid accumulation in liver of HFD + CP rats with respect to HFD and HFD + M groups. Histological examinations showed that the area of the adipocytes in WAT and the area of lipid vesicles in BAT were significantly smaller in the HFD + CP group than in the HFD and HFD + M groups. Conclusion Administration of a CP extract prevented glucose intolerance and hepatic lipid accumulation in rats fed a HFD in association with reduced adipocyte hypertrophy, demonstrating potential antidiabetic properties.Ethnopharmacological relevance Kyung-Bang Gumiganghwal-tang tablet (GMGHT) is a standardized Korean Medicine that could treat a cold, headache, arthralgia and fever. Although GMGHT has been used for arthritis-related diseases including a sprain, arthralgia, unspecified arthritis and knee arthritis, there is no pre-clinical evidence to treat osteoarthritis (OA). This study determined the drug dosage and the mechanisms of GMGHT for OA. Methods OA was induced by intra-articular monoiodoacetic acid (MIA) injection in Sprague-Dawley rats. As calculated from the human equivalent dose formula, GMGHT was orally administered at the doses of 9.86, 98.6 and 986 mg/kg for 4 weeks. PD 0332991 The arthritis score was performed by a blind test, and histological changes in articular cartilage were indicated by hematoxylin and eosin, Safranin O and toluidine blue staining. link2 SW1353 chondrocytes were stimulated by interleukin (IL)-1β recombinant to analyze the expressions of Type II collagen, matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and nuclear factor (NF)-κB. Results Rough and punctate surfaces of the femoral condyle induced by MIA, were recovered by the GMGHT treatment. The arthritis score was significantly improved in the 968 mg/kg of GMGHT-treated cartilage. Loss of chondrocytes and proteoglycan were ameliorated at the deep zone of the subchondral bone plate by the GMGHT administration in OA rats. The expression of Type II collagen was increased, while MMP-1, -3 and -13 levels were decreased in the GMGHT-treated SW1353 chondrocytes. In addition, the GMGHT treatment regulated NF-κB activation along with IL-6, transforming growth factor-β and IL-12 production. Conclusions GMGHT promoted the recovery of articular cartilage damage by inhibiting MMPs, accompanied with its anti-inflammatory effects in OA. GMGHT might be an alternative therapeutic treatment for OA.Ethno-pharmacological relevance The age-long folkloric use of Senna alata flower (SAF) was recently substantiated with scientific evidence. However, the study did not account for the anti-diabetic principle(s) in SAF. Aim of the study The study aimed to identify and characterize the bioactive principle(s) responsible for the anti-diabetic activity in SAF. Materials and methods Ninety-one male Wistar rats were used for the two phases of this study. In phase 1, forty-two of these were allotted into six groups (A-F) of seven rats each. Animals in group A received distilled water while those in groups B-F were made diabetic by treatment with 150 mg/kg body weight (b.w.) of alloxan. Group B received 0.5 mL of distilled water; C, D and E were treated with 75 mg/kg b.w. of ethyl acetate, n-butanol and aqueous residual fractions of SAF respectively, while F received 2.5 mg/kg b.w. of glibenclamide. In the second phase, forty-nine rats were assigned into seven groups (A-G) of seven rats each. Group A received distillecholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol, urine ketone and cardiac function indices and reduced the levels of globulin, albumin, HDL-cholesterol, globulin, liver glycogen, hexokinase and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase activities. Ethyl acetate fraction and sub-fraction B reversed the level and/or activities of these biochemical indices to levels and/or activities that compared favourably with the distilled water treated non-diabetic animals. Of the three compounds (D, E and F) that were obtained from the sub-fraction B, compound E which was Emodin (1, 3, 8-trihydroxy-6-methylanthraquinone) produced the highest α-glucosidase and α-amylase inhibitory activities. Conclusion Emodin is one of the bioactive constituents present in Senna alata flower.Ethnopharmacological relevance Herbaceous peony (Paeonia lactiflora Pall.) flower has been used widely in dietotherapy in China and other countries. It has good ethnopharmacological value in the treatment of various metabolic diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms by which it lowers serum uric acid are unknown. The development of pharmaceutical resources is very important. Here, we sought to elucidate the mode of action of herbaceous peony in terms of reducing uric acid levels. Aim of the study In the present research, the effects of the total glucosides of herbaceous peony flower were investigated in a rat hyperuricaemia model. Another aim of the study was to clarify the mechanism by which herbaceous peony flower (TGPF) lowers serum uric acid levels. Materials and methods A hyperuricaemic rat model was induced via intragastric administration of 100 mg/kg adenine and 250 mg/kg ethambutol hydrochloride (EH) for 23 d. Then TongFengShu 600 mg/kg, allopurinol 42 mg/kg, or TGPF (50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg, or 200 mg/kg) was administered 1 h after the adenine and EH treatments. Results TGPF improved weight loss and decreased serum UA, XOD, MCP-1, TNF-α, Cr, and BUN in the rats with hyperuricaemic nephropathy. TGPF downregulated renal URAT1 and GLUT9, upregulated renal OAT1, and ameliorated histopathological changes in the thymus, spleen, and kidney. Conclusion TGPF is promising as a therapeutic agent against hyperuricaemia. It regulates the uric acid transporters and diminished serum uric acid levels, and alleviates renal pathology associated with hyperuricaemia.Ethnopharmacological relevance Ruta genus is constituted by ten species, of which the most commonly described are R. chalepensis and R. graveolens. link3 Ruta plants are perennial shrubs belonging to the family Rutaceae, which are traditionally used in folk medicine, since ancient times mostly for the treatment of various ailments of the womb. Aim of the study To provide a review of the different uses of Ruta species in traditional medicine, as well as, on their multifactorial biological and pharmacological properties. Material and methods A search of the literature on genus Ruta and Ruta species was performed using various scientific databases and search engines and the information of articles were reviewed and compiled. Results Different parts of the plants belonging to Ruta genus are used in folk medicine to treat a wide range of different diseases. The principal use of these is in gynaecological field, but the treatment of pain, fever, nausea, inflammation, infections, nervous disorders, among others, are also nd isolated compounds have shown a diverse potential for use in the treatment of different diseases, as well as, for pests control, contributing to the valorisation of these plants. Nonetheless, this review indicates that more studies are needed to demonstrate the full potential of Ruta species, and to further explore the toxicology and safety of these plants.CLINICALTRIALS.GOV IDENTIFIER NCT03385122.The novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic has already caused more than 300,000 deaths worldwide. Several studies have elucidated the central role of cardiovascular complications in the disease course. Herein, we provide a concise review of current knowledge regarding the involvement of cardiovascular system in the pathogenesis and prognosis of COVID-19. We summarize data from 21 studies involving in total more than 21,000 patients from Asia, Europe and the USA indicating that severe disease is associated with the presence of myocardial injury, heart failure and arrhythmias. Additionally, we present the clinical and laboratory differences between recovered and deceased patients highlighting the importance of cardiac manifestations. For the infected patients, underlying cardiovascular comorbidities and especially existing cardiovascular disease seem to predispose to the development of cardiovascular complications, which are in turn associated with higher mortality rates. We provide mechanistic insights into the underlying mechanisms including direct myocardial damage by the virus and the consequences of the hyperinflammatory syndrome developed later in the disease course. Finally, we summarize current knowledge on therapeutic modalities and recommendations by scientific societies and experts regarding the cardiovascular management of COVID-19 patients.Starting from the evidence that complex tasks (e.g., driving) require lots of cognitive resources, this research aims at assessing the change of attentional electrophysiological correlates during an oddball task performed while driving a simulator. Twenty-four participants drove along six courses on a moped simulator, preceded by a baseline condition (i.e., watching a video clip of one driving course). Throughout the task, an auditory passive multi-feature oddball with both traffic-related and unrelated stimuli was presented, and the EEG activity was recorded along with driving performance indexes. The main results point out that, as participants learn to drive safely, more attentional resources are available to process the deviant oddball stimuli, as shown by the increase in the amplitude of mismatch negativity (deviant pure tones) and P3a (traffic-related sounds) in the second block of driving. We interpreted these effects as dependent on stimuli complexity and salience.