Coughlinpearson3231

The role of wild birds in the carriage and transmission of human and food animal bacteria with resistant genotypes has repeatedly been highlighted. However, few studies have focussed on the specific exposure sources and places of acquisition and selection for antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in vultures relying on livestock carcasses across large areas and different continents. The occurrence of bacterial resistance to antimicrobial agents was assessed in the faecal microbiota of sedentary Griffon vultures (Gyps fulvus) and trans-Saharan migratory Egyptian vultures (Neophron percnopterus) in central Spain. High rates (generally >50%) of resistant Escherichia coli and other enterobacteria to amoxicillin, cotrimoxazole and tetracycline were found. About 25-30% of samples were colonised by extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) producing bacteria, while 5-17% were positive for plasmid mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) phenotypes, depending on vulture species and age. In total, nine ESBL types were recorded (7 in griffon vultures and 5 in Egyptian vultures), with CTX-M-1 the most prevalent in both species. The most prevalent PMQR was mediated by qnrS genes. We found no clear differences in the occurrence of antimicrobial resistance in adult vultures of each species, or between nestling and adult Egyptian vultures. This supports the hypothesis that antimicrobial resistance is acquired in the European breeding areas of both species. Bacterial resistance can directly be driven by the regular ingestion of multiple active antimicrobials found in medicated livestock carcasses from factory farms, which should be not neglected as a contributor to the emergence of novel resistance clones. The One Health framework should consider the potential transboundary carriage and spread of epidemic resistance from high-income European to low-income African countries via migratory birds.Changes in leaf carbon and nitrogen isotope composition (δ13C and δ15N values) and the accumulation of epicuticular lipids have been associated with plant responses to water stress. We investigated their potential use as indicators of early plant water deficit in two grapevine (Vitis vinifera L.) cultivars, Chasselas and Pinot noir, that were field-grown under well-watered and water-deficient conditions. We tested the hypothesis that the bulk δ13C and δ15N values and the concentrations of epicuticular fatty acids may change in leaves of similar age with the soil water availability. For this purpose, leaves were sampled at the same position in the canopy at different times (phenological stages) during the 2014 growing season. Bulk dry matter of young leaves from flowering to veraison had higher δ13C values, higher total nitrogen content, and lower δ15N values than old leaves. In both cultivars, δ15N values were strongly correlated with plant water deficiency, demonstrating their integration of the plant water stress response. δ13C values recorded the water deficiency only in those plants that had not received foliar organic fertilization. The soil water deficiency triggered the accumulation of C>26 fatty acids in the cuticular waxes. The compound-specific isotope analysis (CSIA) of fatty acids from old leaves showed an increase in δ13C among the C16-C22 chains, including stress signaling linoleic and linolenic acids. Our results provide evidence for leaf 13C-enrichment, 15N-depletion, and enhanced FA-chain elongation and epicuticular accumulation in the grapevine response to water stress. The leaf δ13C and δ15N values, and the concentration of epicuticular fatty acids can be used as reliable and sensitive indicators of plant water deficit even when the level of water stress is low to moderate. They could also be used, particularly the more cost-efficient δ13C and δ15N measurements, for periodic biogeochemical mapping of the plant water availability at the vineyard and regional scale.Electrochemical reduction of carbon dioxide (CO2) is considered a promising renewable energy conversion technology, but it remains challenging to find active, stable, low-cost, and highly efficient electrocatalysts for the CO2 conversion. Here, we develop an in situ nitrogen-doped, metal-free, porous biochar from plant moss to catalyze the electrochemical reduction of CO2 into methane (CH4), methanol (CH3OH) and ethanol (C2H5OH) at high current densities and low overpotentials. Using this metal-free biochar electrocatalyst, production rates of approximately 36.1, 32.1, and 18.1 μg h-1 cm-2 towards CH4, C2H5OH, and CH3OH are obtained with Faradaic efficiencies of 56.0%, 26.0% and 10.5%, respectively. In addition, the total faradaic efficiency reaches 92.6% at -1.2 V (vs. Ag/AgCl) with good stability. A favorable pathway for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 over the metal-free biochar is also provided. This study presents a new approach to produce cost-effective, in situ nitrogen-doped porous biochars with excellent efficiency and durability for the electrochemical reduction of CO2.Dengue fever is mosquito borne viral disease caused by dengue virus and transmitted by Aedes mosquitoes. In recent years the dengue has spread rapidly to several regions and it becomes a major public health menace globally. Dengue transmission is strongly influenced by environmental factors such as temperature and rainfall. In the present study, a climate driven dengue model was developed and predicted areas vulnerable for dengue transmission under the present and future climate change scenarios in India. The study also projected the dengue distribution risk map using representative concentration pathways (RCP4.5 and RCP8.5) in India in 2018-2030 (forthcoming period), 2031-2050 (intermediate period) and 2051-2080 (long period). The dengue cases assessed in India from 1998 to 2018 and found that the dengue transmission is gradually increasing year over year. The temperature data from 1980 to 2017 shows that, the mean temperatures are raising in the Southern region of India. During 2000-2017 periods the dengue transmission is steadily increasing across the India in compare with 1980-1999 periods. The dengue distribution risk is predicted and it is revealed that the coastal states have yearlong transmission possibility, but the high transmission potential is observed throughout the monsoon period. Due to the climate change, the expansion two more months of dengue transmission risk occurs in many regions of India. BMS202 concentration Both RCP4.5 and RCP8.5 scenarios revealed that dengue outbreaks might occur at larger volume in Southern, Eastern, and Central regions of India. Furthermore a sensitivity analysis was performed to explore the impact of climate change on dengue transmission. These results helps to suggest appropriate control measures should be implemented to limit the spread in future warmer climates. Besides these, a proper plan is required to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions to reduce the epidemic potential of dengue in India.