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The incidence of thyroid cancer has been increasing worldwide. Thyroid imaging reporting and data system (TIRADS) has been proposed for risk stratification of thyroid nodules to improve categorical management. Fine needle aspiration cytology based on Bethesda system for reporting of thyroid cytopathology (BSRTC) plays a fundamental role in the evaluation of thyroid nodule microscopically. Both the systems, the TIRADS and the latest revised BSRTC 2017, are widely recommended and practiced all over the world, but the correlation between the two systems has not been established.

This study was conducted to assess the risk of malignancy (ROM) in the intermediate Bethesda categories of thyroid lesions and their correlation with the corresponding TIRADS categories.

It was a prospective cross-sectional study over 1 year including 69 patients aged 18 years or older having solitary thyroid nodules. All cases were triaged using both TIRADS and BSRTC 2017 and the diagnostic performances were compared with subsequent paraffin sections to evaluate ROM. Correlation between TIRADS and BSRTC systems was expressed as kappa value.

Good concordance was observed between TIRADS and BSRTC systems in the evaluation of benign thyroid nodule lesions (category 2-II). There was discordance in follicular lesions (category 4-IV). The kappa value generated (0.411) revealed moderate agreement between the two risk stratification systems.

Careful application of both grading systems is essential for the proper segregation of thyroid nodules to facilitate effective clinical and surgical management. However, universally acceptable protocols need to be developed to avoid the heterogeneous approach.

Careful application of both grading systems is essential for the proper segregation of thyroid nodules to facilitate effective clinical and surgical management. However, universally acceptable protocols need to be developed to avoid the heterogeneous approach.

Diagnostic radiation is reported to cause significant damage in buccal cells, while the same effects after natural cell turn over cycle were not checked for in previous studies. The buccal cells were studied in patients exposed to computed tomography (CT) scans for evaluating the cells with micronuclei and cytotoxic changes, namely, pyknotic cells, karyorrhectic cells and karyolytic cells. The pre-exposure counts were compared with postexposure counts on 10 and 20 days corresponding to first and second cell turnover cycles.

The aim of this study is to estimate the counts of micronucleus and cytotoxic changes in buccal cells post-exposure to CT scans and report on variance of the same with first and second buccal cell turnover cycles.

This is an observational study, wherein the buccal smears of patients undergoing CT scans were made before and after CT scan exposures as needed. Papanicolaou (PAP) staining and analysis were performed as per standard criteria for micronuclear and cytotoxic changes, respectively. Statistical test used was paired

-tests.

The micronuclear counts revealed 0.4% positive cells before exposure and 1.4% positive cells post 10 days and 20 days of exposure were significant (

< 0.005). The cytotoxic changes showed around 2.5% positive cells before and 5.7% positive cells 10 days after CT exposure (

< 0.005). The cytotoxic cell values from baseline to 20

day were not significant (

< 0.25).

CT scans have caused genotoxic effects notable after two cell turnover cycles but the cytotoxic changes have significantly decreased naturally after 2

cell turnover as per our study.

CT scans have caused genotoxic effects notable after two cell turnover cycles but the cytotoxic changes have significantly decreased naturally after 2nd cell turnover as per our study.

Wuchereriasis is a significant cause of chronic morbidity. It can affect any organ/tissue in the body. Fine-needle aspiration cytology (FNAC) is an easy method for its detection. A comprehensive analysis of the various facets involved has not been discussed in detail in any publication.

A twenty-six year (February 1994 to January 2020) retrospective audit of all patients who were cytologically diagnosed with wuchereriasis was performed. Data regarding age, sex, organ/tissue involved, and presence of co-existing disease were noted. Hematoxylin and eosin (H and E) and May-Grünwald-Giemsa (MGG) stained slides were screened for microfilaria, adult worm, larval forms, microfilaria ghosts, epithelioid cell granuloma, and eosinophils.

Audit yielded 19,323 cases of which 110 had wuchereriasis giving an incidence of 0.57%. The 11-30 year age group accounted for 41.8% cases. Male female ratio was 1.041. Duration of disease at presentation ranged from 3 days to 24 years. Lymph node was the commonest site involved and inexpensive means of detecting wuchereriasis and is preferred over histopathology. All stages of development of this nematode in human beings are identified in cytology. Microfilaria ghost is a useful clue in screening. The presence of granuloma and eosinophilic infiltrate indicates tissue reaction only. Patients with asymptomatic microfilaraemia should be reported in cytology as they merit treatment.

Molecular testing of thyroid FNA has been advocated in the indeterminate categories of The Bethesda System for Reporting Thyroid Cytopathology (TBSRTC) 2018. The utility of cytoscrapes of thyroid FNA samples for

V600E and

mutations was evaluated in this pilot study.

Thyroid FNA samples between 2015 and 2018 from TBSRTC categories 3-6 were included. DNA was extracted from one to two representative smears (cytoscrape). Real-time PCR for

V600E and

(

,

, and

) gene mutations was performed. Histopathology correlation was available in 44 cases.

Chi-square test and calculation of sensitivity, specificity, and positive/negative predictive values were performed.

A total of 73 thyroid FNA cases and 11 nodal metastases of papillary thyroid carcinoma (PTC) were evaluated. The DNA yield ranged from 1.9 to 666 ng/μl (mean 128 ng/μl) in 80 cases and was insufficient in four cases. https://www.selleckchem.com/products/vu0463271.html Overall, mutations were seen in 45 (56.25%) cases with

V600E,

,

, and

in 21 (46.7%), 19 (42.2%), 4, and 1 cases, respectively.