Egelunddeal7223

Expanded short tandem repeats in the genome cause various monogenic diseases, particularly neurological disorders. Since the discovery of a CGG repeat expansion in the FMR1 gene in 1991, more than 40 repeat expansion diseases have been identified to date. In the coding repeat expansion diseases, in which the expanded repeat sequence is located in the coding regions of genes, the toxicity of repeat polypeptides, particularly misfolding and aggregation of proteins containing an expanded polyglutamine tract, have been the focus of investigation. On the other hand, in the non-coding repeat expansion diseases, in which the expanded repeat sequence is located in introns or untranslated regions, the toxicity of repeat RNAs has been the focus of investigation. Recently, these repeat RNAs were demonstrated to be translated into repeat polypeptides by the novel mechanism of repeat-associated non-AUG translation, which has extended the research direction of the pathological mechanisms of this disease entity to include polypeptide toxicity. Thus, a common pathogenesis has been suggested for both coding and non-coding repeat expansion diseases. In this review, we briefly outline the major pathogenic mechanisms of repeat expansion diseases, including a loss-of-function mechanism caused by repeat expansion, repeat RNA toxicity caused by RNA foci formation and protein sequestration, and toxicity by repeat polypeptides. We also discuss perturbation of the physiological liquid-liquid phase separation state caused by these repeat RNAs and repeat polypeptides, as well as potential therapeutic approaches against repeat expansion diseases.

In axial spondyloarthritis (axSpA), switching between multiple biologic or targeted synthetic (b/ts-) DMARDs might indicate difficult-to-treat disease. We aimed to explore the occurrence of multiple switching in routine care axSpA patients using various definitions, and to identify associated clinical characteristics upon start of first b/tsDMARD (baseline).

Observational cohort study including patients with axSpA starting a first-ever b/tsDMARD 2009-2018 based on data from five biologic registries (Denmark/Sweden/Finland/Norway/Iceland). Comorbidities and extra-articular manifestations were identified through linkage to national registries. Multi-switching was defined in overlapping categories according to b/tsDMARD treatment history treatment with ≥3 b/tsDMARDs, ≥4 or ≥ 5 b/tsDMARDs during follow-up. We explored the cumulative incidence of patients becoming multi-switchers with ≥3 b/tsDMARDs stratified by calendar-period (2009-11/2012-13/2014-15/2016-2018). In the subgroup of patients starting a first bpatients, multiple switching was frequent with no apparent time-trend. Clinical associated factors included gender, but also previous comorbidities and extraarticular manifestations illustrating the ongoing challenge of treating this patient group.It is commonly known that aldehyde dehydrogenases (ALDHs) are a promising therapeutic target in many diseases. Bui et al.-the authors of the paper I am discussing here (Biosci Rep (2021) 41(5) BSR20210491 https//doi.org/10.1042/BSR20210491)-point that there is a lack of research on the use of spices and herbs as the sources of naturally occurring modulators of ALDH activity. In order to carry out this type of research, the authors prepared ethanolic extracts of 22 spices and herbs. The main objective of the study was to investigate retinaldehyde dehydrogenases (RALDHs), of which retinal is the main substrate and ALDH2, the mitochondrial isoform, having acetaldehyde as the main substrate. The obtained results indicated that the tested extracts exhibited differential regulatory effects on RALDHs/ALDH2 and some of them showed a potential selective inhibition of the activity of RALDHs.

In an effort to expedite the publication of articles related to the COVID-19 pandemic, AJHP is posting these manuscripts online as soon as possible after acceptance. Accepted manuscripts have been peer-reviewed and copyedited, but are posted online before technical formatting and author proofing. These manuscripts are not the final version of record and will be replaced with the final article (formatted per AJHP style and proofed by the authors) at a later time.

To decrease drug waste and cost by implementing automated chemotherapy dose rounding rules in the electronic health record (EHR). Dose rounding of chemotherapy is a recognized method for reducing drug waste, and professional organizations have published guidelines recommending dose rounding when possible.

On the basis of current literature and guideline recommendations, Mayo Clinic developed system-wide consensus to allow dose rounding for biologic and chemotherapy agents to the nearest vial size if rounding resulted in the dose being within 10%in significant reduction of drug waste and realization of savings.Phospholipase D (PLD)2 via its enzymatic activity regulates cell proliferation and migration and thus is implicated in cancer. However, the role of PLD2 in obesity and type 2 diabetes has not previously been investigated. Here, we show that during diet-induced thermogenesis and obesity, levels of PLD2 but not PLD1 in adipose tissue are inversely related with uncoupling protein 1, a key thermogenic protein. We demonstrate that the thermogenic program in adipose tissue is significantly augmented in mice with adipocyte-specific Pld2 deletion or treated with a PLD2-specific inhibitor and that these mice are resistant to high fat diet-induced obesity, glucose intolerance, and insulin resistance. Mechanistically, we show that Pld2 deletion in adipose tissue or PLD2 pharmacoinhibition acts via p62 to improve mitochondrial quality and quantity in adipocytes. Thus, PLD2 inhibition is an attractive therapeutic approach for obesity and type 2 diabetes by resolving defects in diet-induced thermogenesis.The generation of high-affinity antibodies in the germinal center (GC) requires interplay between GC B cells and T follicular helper cells. Rauschmeier et al. (2021. J. Exp. Med.https//doi.org/10.1084/jem.20211406) report that Bhlhe40 restrains GC output through distinct regulatory roles in both arms of the response.Infection with human noroviruses requires attachment to histo blood group antigens (HBGAs) via the major capsid protein VP1 as a primary step. Sapanisertib clinical trial Several crystal structures of VP1 protruding domain dimers, so called P-dimers, complexed with different HBGAs have been solved to atomic resolution. Corresponding binding affinities have been determined for HBGAs and other glycans exploiting different biophysical techniques, with mass spectrometry (MS) and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy being most widely used. However, reported binding affinities are inconsistent. At the extreme, for the same system MS detects binding whereas NMR spectroscopy does not, suggesting a fundamental source of error. In this short essay, we will explain the reason for the observed differences and compile reliable and reproducible binding affinities. We will then highlight how a combination of MS techniques and NMR experiments affords unique insights into the process of HBGA binding by norovirus capsid proteins.

There are few population-level studies on ophthalmic conditions and services among North American Native individuals.

To evaluate whether disparities in ophthalmic conditions and services exist between North American Native individuals and non-Hispanic White individuals in the US.

This cross-sectional study used 100% Medicare fee-for-service (MFFS) enrollment data from the Vision and Eye Health Surveillance System (VEHSS) to examine ophthalmic conditions and service use in North American Native individuals and non-Hispanic White individuals in the US. In this study North American Native individuals included those who identified as American Indian, Native Alaskan, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander. Data were analyzed from August 2020 to April 2021.

Claims and sociodemographic characteristics were extracted and means computed for categories of ophthalmic conditions and select ophthalmic services. Ophthalmic conditions and services were defined in the VEHSS using International Statistical Classificatye health and higher unmet eyecare needs for North American Native individuals with MFFS coverage compared with non-Hispanic White individuals with MFFS coverage.

In this cross-sectional study, North American Native individuals had higher prevalence of ophthalmic conditions but no corresponding increase in services (treatment for most ophthalmic conditions) compared with non-Hispanic White individuals. These results suggest worse eye health and higher unmet eyecare needs for North American Native individuals with MFFS coverage compared with non-Hispanic White individuals with MFFS coverage.

Approximately 1 in 5 new patients with head and neck cancer (HNC) in the US belong to racial and ethnic minority groups, but their survival rates are worse than White individuals. However, because most studies compare Black vs White patients, little is known about survival differences among members of racial and ethnic minority groups.

To describe differential survival and identify nonclinical factors associated with stage of presentation among patients with HNC belonging to racial and ethnic minority groups.

This population-based retrospective cohort study used data from the 2007 to 2016 Surveillance, Epidemiology, and End Results (SEER) database and included non-Hispanic Black, Asian Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, and Hispanic patients with HNC. The data were analyzed from December 2020 to May 2021.

Outcomes were time to event measures (HNC-specific and all-cause mortality) and stage of presentation. Covariates included nonclinical (age at diagnosis, sex, race and ethnicity, insurand ethnic minority groups, Black patients had significantly worse outcomes that were not completely explained by stage of presentation. There may be unexplored multilevel factors that are associated with social determinants of health and disparities in HNC outcomes.

This study investigated the effect of glycogen synthase kinase-3β (GSK-3β) inhibition on the fibrosis of human Tenon's fibroblasts (HTFs) induced by transforming growth factor-β (TGF-β).

Quantitative real-time PCR and Western blot analyses were performed to determine the expression levels of molecules associated with the fibrosis of HTFs by TGF-β (fibronectin, collagen Iα, and α-smooth muscle actin) and GSK-3β. The levels of phosphorylated Smad2 and Smad3 were also analyzed in the presence of the GSK-3β inhibitor CHIR 99021. The wound healing assay was performed to determine the effect of CHIR 99021 on the migration of HTFs. All experiments were conducted using primary cultured HTFs or human tenon tissues obtained from normal subjects and patients with glaucoma.

Treatment with TGF-β resulted in an increase in the levels of molecules associated with the fibrosis of HTFs. The expression levels of these molecules were higher in the tenon tissues obtained from patients with glaucoma than those from normal subjects. When the HTFs were treated with TGF-β, a significant increase in the active form of GSK-3β (Y216) was observed. A significant decrease in the active form of GSK-3β and molecules associated with fibrosis by TGF-β was noted in HTFs treated with CHIR 99021. CHIR 99021 treatment reduced the phosphorylated Smad2/Smad2 and phosphorylated Smad3/Smad3 ratios in HTFs and attenuated HTF migration.

Our results demonstrated the effect of GSK-3β inhibition on the regulation of TGF-β-mediated fibrosis of HTFs, suggesting GSK-3β to be a potential target for maintaining bleb function after glaucoma filtration surgery.

Our results demonstrated the effect of GSK-3β inhibition on the regulation of TGF-β-mediated fibrosis of HTFs, suggesting GSK-3β to be a potential target for maintaining bleb function after glaucoma filtration surgery.