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Medication nonadherence of patients with chronic conditions is a complex phenomenon contributing to increased economic burden and decreased quality of life. Intervention development relies on accurately assessing adherence but no "gold standard" method currently exists.

The present scoping review aimed to (a) review and describe current methods of assessing medication adherence (MA) in patients with chronic conditions with the highest nonadherence rates (asthma, cancer, diabetes, epilepsy, HIV/AIDS, hypertension), (b) outline and compare the evidence on the quality indicators between assessment methods (e.g., sensitivity), and (c) provide evidence-based recommendations.

PubMed, PsycINFO and Scopus databases were screened, resulting in 62,592 studies of which 71 met criteria and were included.

Twenty-seven self-report and 10 nonself-report measures were identified. The Medication Adherence Report Scale (MARS-5) was found to be the most accurate self-report, whereas electronic monitoring devices such asate and reliable measures. This is the first review examining self and nonself-report methods for MA, across chronic conditions with the highest nonadherence rates and provides evidence-based recommendations. It highlights that MA assessment methods are understudied in certain conditions, like epilepsy. Before selecting a MA measure, professionals are advised to inspect its quality indicators. Feasibility of measures should be explored in future studies as there is presently a lack of evidence.Although not used clinically in North America, etizolam has been identified in forensic samples as an illicit, "designer" benzodiazepine. Having central nervous system (CNS) depressant effects, analysis for etizolam has probative value in both death investigations and in forensic cases where incapacitation or human psychomotor performance are relevant. This report examines toxicological findings and demographic data in a series of authentic forensic cases analyzed between November 2019 and December 2020 in which etizolam was quantified by LC-MS/MS analysis. Blood concentrations were determined in 191 individuals aged 1 to 75 years. In living individuals (i.e., impaired driving, sexual assaults), etizolam concentrations ranged from less then 5 ng/mL to 767 ng/mL which overlapped with the range of less then 5 ng/mL to 260 ng/mL reported in death investigations. In all but one case, other drugs were detected in combination with etizolam. Fentanyl was the most common co-occurring drug and was present in 164 cases (86%). Additional case details are provided for cases of forensic interest two deaths involving children under three years of age, two deaths involving body-packing, and an individual arrested for drug-impaired driving with, to our knowledge, the highest reported etizolam concentration to date.

This study was designed to test our hypothesis that angiotensin II (Ang II) upregulates endothelin (ET) receptors in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs).

Rat superior mesenteric artery (SMA) without endothelium was cultured in serum-free medium for 24 h in the presence of Ang II with or without metformin or nicotinamide. In vivo, rats were implanted subcutaneously with a mini-osmotic pump infusing AngII (500 ng/kg/min) for 4 weeks. The level of protein expression was determined using Western blotting. The contractile response to ET receptor agonists was studied using sensitive myography. Caudal artery blood pressure (BP) was measured using non-invasive tail-cuff plethysmography.

The results showed that Ang II significantly increased ET receptors and decreased phosphorylated-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase α (p-AMPKα) in SMA. Furthermore, metformin significantly inhibited Ang II-upregulated ET receptors and upregulated Ang II-decreased sirtuin 1 (Sirt1). However, this effect was reversed by nicotinamide. Moreover, the in-vivo results showed that metformin not only inhibited Ang II-induced upregulation of ET receptors but also recovered Ang II-decreased p-AMPKα and Sirt1. In addition, metformin significantly inhibited Ang II-elevated BP. However, the effect was reversed by nicotinamide, except for p-AMPKα.

Ang II upregulated ET receptors in VSMCs to elevate BP by inhibiting AMPK, thereby inhibiting Sirt1.

Ang II upregulated ET receptors in VSMCs to elevate BP by inhibiting AMPK, thereby inhibiting Sirt1.

Studies have found an association between problem gambling and poverty. However, there is relatively little research on social inequalities and problem gambling using population representative data.

A population-representative self-report web-based and postal survey with register-based linkage was conducted in the three geographical areas of Finland. Participants (n = 7186, aged 18 or older) were randomly selected from the population register. Sociodemographic factors and social welfare benefits were studied among gambling groups and their statistical difference were examined by χ2 test. Seven logistic regression models were calculated, where unemployment, social security benefits and low income were treated as dependent variables and where sex, age, family structure and education were controlled as covariates. The results were presented as odds ratios (OR) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs).

Problem and at-risk gambling (ARG) was more common among people who were unemployed [PG χ2=6.4 (1), P < 0.01, ARG χ2=12.4 (1), P < 0.001] or had received social security benefits [PG χ2=41.6 (1), P < 0.001, ARG χ2=22.9 (1), P < 0.001]. The OR for problem gambling was high as 5.6 (CI 3.22-9.61) among respondents who had received social assistance even when covariates were taking into count. Almost a third of those experiencing problem or at-risk gambling received at least one form of social security benefit.

The most important task of gambling policy should be reducing gambling-related harms and diminishing social inequality. However, even in government organized system where gambling profits are used for common good, profits come from the most socially disadvantaged people thereby exacerbating inequality.

The most important task of gambling policy should be reducing gambling-related harms and diminishing social inequality. However, even in government organized system where gambling profits are used for common good, profits come from the most socially disadvantaged people thereby exacerbating inequality.

To evaluate the effect of training on intravenous medication administration in pediatric patients on nursing staff 's learning and response.

This is a quasi-experimental study (pre- and post-test), with 38 nursing professionals who participated in training on administration of intravenous (IV) medication in pediatric patients with heart disease. For data collection, a questionnaire with 19 items was applied to evaluate participants' learning before (pre-test) and after (post-test) training. Data were analyzed by descriptive and analytical statistics (binomial and Friedman tests).

Nurses predominated (52.6%), mean age 41.2 years and 9.8 years of professional experience in pediatrics. For learning evaluation, there was an increase in the rate of hits from the pre-test to the post-test in 13 items, with a significant difference (p < 0.05) in the items removing adornments to sanitize hands; wearing gloves when administering medication; administering medication with gloves, mask and goggles; and checking patient name by asking their companion.

Training had positive effects on nursing professionals' learning and reaction.

Training had positive effects on nursing professionals' learning and reaction.

To understand the experiences of intensive care unit nurses who provide care to patients with COVID-19.

Qualitative study grounded in Alfred Schütz's social phenomenology in which 20 nurses who work in intensive care units at public and private hospitals were interviewed between July and September 2020. Data were analyzed according to the adopted theoretical-methodological framework and the literature related to the subject.

The interviewed nurses mentioned demands about working conditions, professional recognition and training, and support to physical and mental health, which proved necessary considering the care intensity experienced by these professionals during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Learning the nurses' experiences evidenced the need to adjust to a new way of providing care that included the physical space, new institutional protocols, continuous use of protective equipment, and patients' demand for special care. This originated the necessity to be around situations that interfered with their health and motivated them to carry out professional projects after the COVID-19 pandemic.

Learning the nurses' experiences evidenced the need to adjust to a new way of providing care that included the physical space, new institutional protocols, continuous use of protective equipment, and patients' demand for special care. This originated the necessity to be around situations that interfered with their health and motivated them to carry out professional projects after the COVID-19 pandemic.This study compared prevalence and risk factors of dental anxiety between men and women. The sample consisted of 244 participants (n = 122 men) aged 18 years or older who sought dental care at a public Dental Education Institution from March 2018 to November 2019. The Modified Dental Anxiety Scale was used to determine presence of dental anxiety. The following risk factors were recorded age, years of schooling, preoperative pain, and type of dental treatment. Bivariate analysis was used to assess the difference in dental anxiety between the sexes. click here Multivariate logistic regression was used to analyze the association between dental anxiety and gender, regardless of the influence of other variables. Total prevalence of dental anxiety was 18% (n = 44), 22.9% (28/122) in women and 13.1% (16/122) in men (p = 0.04). Gender (odds ratio 1.83, 95% confidence interval 0.92-3.62) and preoperative pain (odds ratio 2.095, 95% confidence interval 0.97-4.49) were associated with dental anxiety. We concluded that women had a higher prevalence of dental anxiety. Preoperative pain was associated with dental anxiety regardless of gender.In the field of anthropology, discrete traits are considered as minimal epigenetic variations. However, they can elicit complications in endodontic therapy. Thorough understanding of root canal morphology is essential to achieving predictable results in endodontic practice, and may be attained by using cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans. The aim of the present study was to research the internal root anatomy of maxillary central and lateral incisors in vivo and quantify its variation in a population of the Autonomous City of Buenos Aires, Argentina. A total 697 CBCT scans from a pre-existing database were observed, and the configuration type for each tooth was determined according to Vertucci's classification. The data were described by absolute frequencies and percentages with 95% confidence intervals (CI). The CI was estimated by the Wilson Score method. Chi-square test (χ2) was used for comparing frequencies, with a 5% significance level. 238 CBCT scans met the inclusion criteria, resulting in 761 teeth assessed.