Smalltorres9418

We conclude that murine sepsis survivors exhibit a behavioral neuroendocrine syndrome of negative affective behavior and HPA axis hyperactivity, which could be explained by ventral hippocampal dysfunction. These findings could contribute to our understanding of the human post-intensive care syndrome. Mimicry is suggested to be one of the strategies via which we enhance social affiliation. Although recent studies have shown that, like adults, young children selectively mimic the facial actions of in-group over out-group members, it is unknown whether this early mimicry behavior is driven by affiliative motivations. Here we investigated the functional role of facial mimicry in early childhood by testing whether observing third-party ostracism, which has previously been shown to enhance children's affiliative behaviors, enhances facial mimicry in 30-month-olds. Toddlers were presented with videos in which one shape was ostracized by other shapes or with control videos that did not show any ostracism. Before and after this, the toddlers observed videos of models performing facial actions (e.g., eyebrow raising, mouth opening) while we measured activation over their corresponding facial muscles using electromyography (EMG) to obtain an index of facial mimicry. check details We also coded the videos of the sessions for overt imitation. We found that toddlers in the ostracism condition showed greater facial mimicry at posttest than toddlers in the control condition, as indicated by both EMG and behavioral coding measures. Although the exact mechanism underlying this result needs to be investigated in future studies, this finding is consistent with social affiliation accounts of mimicry and suggests that mimicry may play a key role in maintaining affiliative bonds when toddlers perceive the risk of social exclusion. Cleanliness is universally valued, and people who are dirty are routinely marginalized. In this research, we measured the roots of negative attitudes toward physically unclean individuals and examined the differences that exist in these attitudes between childhood and adulthood. We presented 5- to 9-year-old children and adults (total N = 260) with paired photographs of a dirty person and a clean person, and we measured biases with a selective trust task and an explicit evaluation task. In Study 1, where images of adults were evaluated, both children and adults demonstrated clear biases, but adults were more likely to selectively trust the clean informant. Study 2 instead used images of children and included several additional tasks measuring implicit attitudes (e.g., an implicit association task) and overt behaviors (a resource distribution task) and also manipulated the cause of dirtiness to include illness, enjoyment of filth, and accidental spillage. Children and adults again revealed strong biases regardless of the cause of dirtiness, but only children exhibited a bias on the explicit evaluation task. Study 3 replicated these findings in India, a country that has historically endorsed strong purity norms. Overall, this research indicates that dirty people are targets of discrimination from early in development, that this is not merely a Western phenomenon, and that this pervasive bias is most strongly directed at individuals of similar ages. Altered activity of the endocannabinoid (EC) system has been linked to dysregulated stress-reactivity and the development of trauma-related psychopathology. The EC system, with its main components anandamide (AEA), 2-arachidonoyl-glycerol (2-AG) and other N-acyl-ethanolamides, is considered to be a buffer system that protects against the negative effects of traumatic experiences on mental health. Recently, the use of hair analyses, a method to gain information on long-term cumulative system activity, has been introduced to the study of ECs. Here, we seek to extend current knowledge on the potential use of hair EC concentrations as a marker of trauma-related psychological symptoms as well as psychological resources. Ninety-one male URM from Syria and Afghanistan (mean age = 17.4 years) living in group homes of the Child Protection Services in Leipzig, Germany, completed assessments on traumatic life events (TLE), PTSD symptoms, depression, anxiety and somatic symptoms as well as on self-efficacy and prosocial behavior. Scalp-near 3 cm hair segments were obtained and EC concentrations quantified using liquid chromatography tandem mass spectrometry. Analyses revealed relatively week and inconsistent associations of hair ECs and psychological symptoms, with only a positive correlation between 2-AG and depression. Concerning prosocial behavior and self-efficacy positive relationships were found with oleoylethanolamide (OEA), stearoylethanolamide (SEA), and palmitoylethanolamide (PEA). Our findings add data concerning the utility of hair EC analyses for PNE research but on a whole fail to reveal a clear association pattern between hair ECs and mental health in URM. Ambient particle (PM2.5) samples were collected in three East Asian cities (Beijing, China; Seoul, South Korea; Nagasaki, Japan) from December 2014 to November 2015 to quantitatively investigate airborne bacteria at the phylum level. Proteobacteria, Firmicutes, Actinobacteria, Bacteroidetes, and Cyanobacteria represented the top five airborne bacterial phyla in all three cities. The most dominant airborne phylum, Proteobacteria, was more prevalent during the winter (at rates of 67.2%, 79.9%, and 87.0% for Beijing, Seoul, and Nagasaki, respectively). Correlations among airborne bacteria and environmental factors including PM2.5, its major chemical constituents, and meteorological factors were calculated. Temperature correlated negatively with Proteobacteria but positively with Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes. The abundance of Cyanobacteria correlated positively with particulate NO3- and SO42- levels in Beijing (R = 0.46 and R = 0.35 for NO3- and SO42-, respectively) but negatively in Seoul (R = -0.14 and R = -0.19 for NO3- and SO42-, respectively) and Nagasaki (R = -0.05 and R = -0.03 for NO3- and SO42-, respectively). Backward trajectory analysis was applied for 72 h and three clusters were classified in each city. Five dominant bacteria and other bacterial groups showed significant differences (p  less then  0.05) in local clustering, as compared to the long-range transport clusters from Beijing. The proportions of the five bacterial phyla in Seoul were significantly different in each cluster. A local cluster in Nagasaki had higher ratios of all major airborne bacterial phyla, except Proteobacteria.