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m function even years after stroke.The American Journal of Occupational Therapy (AJOT) retains its ranking as the top-rated occupational therapy journal in North America by maintaining its commitment to publishing high-quality research aimed at occupational therapy professionals. As the needs and scope of the profession continue to expand, AJOT will continue to serve as a resource to practitioners, academics, and administrators to help guide best practices. Communication and engagement with readers will be facilitated through the new AJOT website as well as the new AJOT Authors and Issues series. The journal seeks to expand its scope through its website, manuscript submission platform, and new ways to engage readers.Occupational therapy practitioners have the opportunity to promote development for all children as new service delivery models are established for pediatric primary care. Three action steps are identified (1) advocacy for legislation that requires developmental screenings and surveillance, (2) support of culturally responsive developmental monitoring, and (3) building evidence for occupational therapy in primary care settings. This article describes the role of occupational therapy practitioners on pediatric interprofessional teams in encouraging family capacity within the scope of health promotion and universal developmental monitoring.A confluence of factors during 2020 placed needed attention on the social and structural determinants of health, systemic racism, and social injustice. Institutions across the country are taking a hard look at themselves to evaluate how they are complicit in perpetuating these problems and what role they have in dismantling them. In this article, we discuss the influence of systemic racism on the profession of occupational therapy, noting that the profession lacks a clear plan, informed by stakeholders, on how to address it. The American Occupational Therapy Association hosted a series of listening sessions titled "Be Heard-We're Listening" in June and July 2020 to learn about the experiences of occupational therapy students, practitioners, and educators who are Black, Indigenous, and People of Color (BIPOC). The listening session participants provided ideas for change and recommendations that establish a call to action for persons, groups, and populations.

Virtual reality in head-mounted displays (HMD-VR) may be a valuable tool in occupational therapy to address anxiety. Findings from the virtual reality exposure therapy (VRET) literature may facilitate translation of HMD-VR to occupational therapy psychosocial practice.

To explore how HMD-VR has been used to treat anxiety through VRET and could be translated to occupational therapy.

We searched seven electronic databases for articles published between 2000 and 2020 CINAHL, Cochrane Library, Embase, ERIC, Ovid MEDLINE, PsycINFO, and Web of Science. see more Search terms included HMD-VR constructs, products, and therapy concepts. Study Selection and Data Collection We used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses guidelines to report studies implementing VRET to treat anxiety. At least two reviewers assessed each citation, and a third resolved disagreements. Articles were included if they were in English, reported experimental data, and used HMD-VR. Letters, commentaries, book chapters, tehen participation in natural contexts is unfeasible. Having ecologically valid environments is particularly important for people with anxiety disorders because they need support to cope when they encounter triggers in everyday life environments.

HMD-VR can be a valuable tool for occupational therapy to simulate environments where clients with anxiety disorders participate. Eliciting presence through multisensory features and body representation may enhance outcomes. What This Article Adds Drawing from the VRET literature, this scoping review suggests that HMD-VR can be used by occupational therapy practitioners to simulate ecologically valid environments, evaluate client responses to fearful stimuli, and remediate anxiety though immersion in virtual tasks when participation in natural contexts is unfeasible. Having ecologically valid environments is particularly important for people with anxiety disorders because they need support to cope when they encounter triggers in everyday life environments.

Occupational therapy using an Ayres Sensory Integration® (ASI) approach is a common intervention that has not been extensively studied in children with idiopathic sensory processing and integration challenges (e.g., without a diagnosis of autism).

To test the effectiveness of ASI using measures related to motor coordination and functional performance in children with a sensory-based motor disorder (SBMD).

Nonconcurrent, multiple baseline, single subject.

Outpatient clinic that was part of a children's hospital in an urban setting.

Three boys (ages 5-8 yr) with an SBMD.

Each participant received ASI 3 times per week for 10 wk. Outcomes and Measures Three motor probes were measured weekly. Pre- and posttest assessments included goal attainment scaling (GAS) and the Bruininks-Oseretsky Test of Motor Proficiency-Second Edition (BOT-2).

All 3 participants showed improvements in motor probes during the intervention period on the basis of a 2 SD band method of analysis. Statistically significant improv and can help build the evidence base for ASI.

The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM) is widely used in clinical practice and research. However, the measurement properties of the COPM were not reviewed using rigorous systematic methodology.

To evaluate the measurement properties of the COPM.

MEDLINE, Web of Science, Scopus, OTseeker, and Cochrane Library. Study Selection and Data Collection We used the updated COnsensus-based Standards for the selection of health Measurement INstruments (COSMIN) Risk of Bias checklist to evaluate the measurement properties of the COPM reported in relevant studies.

Our search identified 35 articles that reported measurement properties for the COPM with samples that differed in age, country, diagnosis, and disease stage. For content validity, the evidence was inconsistent and of low quality; no studies assessed structural validity. For reliability, the internal consistency was indeterminate and of low quality. One study reported indeterminate and very low quality evidence for cross-cultural validity. According to the evidence reported in these studies, the COPM has inconsistent and moderate reliability, construct validity, and responsiveness and insufficient and high-quality evidence for criterion validity.

Our review of the evidence using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist indicates that the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure lacks high-quality validation. What This Article Adds High-quality validation of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure is lacking. Further examination of its measurement properties using updated relevant guidelines is required.

Our review of the evidence using the COSMIN Risk of Bias checklist indicates that the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure lacks high-quality validation. What This Article Adds High-quality validation of the Canadian Occupational Performance Measure is lacking. Further examination of its measurement properties using updated relevant guidelines is required.

People with Parkinson's disease (PD) experience motor and functional impairment that can negatively affect daily living and participation.

To examine the occupational performance and hand function outcomes of people with PD who participated in a Lee Silverman Voice Treatment (LSVT) BIG® program.

Retrospective record review.

Outcomes were extracted from patient charts at a hospital outpatient clinic.

Sixty-six clinic outpatients with PD who completed the LSVT BIG program.

An occupational therapist and a physical therapist who were certified in LSVT BIG administration delivered the 16-session LSVT BIG program. Outcomes and Measures The Canadian Occupational Performance Measure (COPM), grip strength, and Minnesota Manual Dexterity Test (MMDT) were administered before and after participation in LSVT BIG training.

For participant-identified COPM goals, pre-post changes were significant, ranging from 3 to 6 points for performance and satisfaction (p < .001). Grip strength in both hands showed signi dexterity for people with PD. What This Article Adds This study is the first retrospective review of data on occupational performance and hand function outcomes after participation in the LSVT BIG program. The findings of beneficial outcomes support the use of LSVT BIG in occupational therapy services to increase functional abilities among people with PD.

Robust and psychometrically sound performance-based outcome measures are needed for clinical trials of occupational therapy interventions for children with autism.

To demonstrate a systematic approach for choosing psychometrically sound performance-based outcome measures of daily living skills and socialization for use in clinical trials of occupational therapy interventions for children with autism.

Rapid literature review to identify appropriate measures for studies with this population followed by quality indicator ratings and a nominal group process.

University.

Four experts in autism and pediatric outcome measurement. Outcomes and Measures Twenty-one outcome measures of daily living skills and socialization were identified and reviewed.

Seven measures met the inclusion criteria. The Assessment of Motor and Process Skills and the Evaluation of Social Interaction-Second Edition, received the highest ratings and group consensus. Several other measures were also scored highly.

Careful assessment of psychometric properties is an important component of choosing outcome measures for a clinical trial, but burden of assessment and study objectives are important considerations. What This Article Adds This project demonstrates use of a systematic process for choosing outcome measures for a planned clinical trial.

Careful assessment of psychometric properties is an important component of choosing outcome measures for a clinical trial, but burden of assessment and study objectives are important considerations. What This Article Adds This project demonstrates use of a systematic process for choosing outcome measures for a planned clinical trial.Sexual dimorphism in lifespan, wherein females outlive males, is evident across all animal taxa. The longevity difference between sexes is controlled by multiple physiological processes with complex relationships to one another. In recent years, glycogen, the storage form of glucose, has been shown to cause rapid aging upon forced synthesis in healthy neurons. Glycogen in the form of corpora amylacea in the aging brain is also widely reported. While these studies did suggest a novel role for glycogen in aging, most of them have focused on pooled samples, and have not looked at sex-specific effects, if any. Given the widespread occurrence of sex-biased expression of genes and the underlying physiology, it is important to look at the sex-specific effects of metabolic processes. In the present study, using transgenic fly lines for the human glycogen synthase, we investigated the sex-specific effects of glycogen on stress resistance, fitness, and survival. We demonstrate that Drosophila melanogaster females with altered levels of glycogen in the brain display a shortened lifespan, increased resistance to starvation, and higher oxidative stress than male flies.