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Industrial applications require enzymes to be highly stable and economically viable in terms of reusability. Enzyme immobilization is an exciting alternative to improve the stability of enzymatic processes. Immobilization of β-1,4-xylanase produced by Bacillus licheniformis S3 is performed by using two polymer supports (agar-agar and calcium alginate). The maximum enzyme immobilization yield was achieved at a concentration of 3% agar, whereas a combination of sodium alginate, 4%, and calcium chloride, 0.3 M, was used for the formation of immobilized beads. The immobilization process increased the optimum reaction time from 10 min to 35 and 40 min for agar and calcium alginate, respectively, and the incubation temperature increased from 55°C to 60°C for agar, but it remained unchanged for calcium alginate. The pH profile of free and immobilized xylanase was quite similar in both cases. Both the techniques altered the kinetic parameters of immobilized β-1,4-xylanase as compared with the free enzyme. The diffusion limit of high molecular weight xylan caused a decline in Vmax of the immobilized enzyme, whereas there was an increase in the Km value. However, calcium alginate-immobilized enzyme displayed broad thermal stability as compared with agar-agar-immobilized enzyme and retained 57.1% of its initial activity at 80°C up to 150 min. Biotechnological characterization showed that the reusability of enzymes was the most striking finding, particularly of immobilized xylanase using agar-agar as immobilization carrier, which after six cycles retained 23% activity. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.The evolution of sexual traits often involves correlated changes in morphology and behavior. For example, in Drosophila, divergent mating displays are often accompanied by divergent pigment patterns. To better understand how such traits co-evolve, we investigated the genetic basis of correlated divergence in wing pigmentation and mating display between the sibling species Drosophila elegans and Drosophila gunungcola. Drosophila elegans males have an area of black pigment on their wings known as a wing spot and appear to display this spot to females by extending their wings laterally during courtship. By contrast, D. gunungcola lost both of these traits. Using Multiplexed Shotgun Genotyping (MSG), we identified a ∼440 kb region on the X chromosome that behaves like a genetic switch controlling the presence or absence of male-specific wing spots. This region includes the candidate gene optomotor-blind (omb), which plays a critical role in patterning the Drosophila wing. The genetic basis of divergent wing display is more complex, with at least two loci on the X chromosome and two loci on autosomes contributing to its evolution. Introgressing the X-linked region affecting wing spot development from D. gunungcola into D. elegans reduced pigmentation in the wing spots but did not affect the wing display, indicating that these are genetically separable traits. Consistent with this observation, broader sampling of wild D. gunungcola populations confirmed that the wing spot and wing display are evolving independently some D. gunungcola males performed wing displays similar to D. elegans despite lacking wing spots. These data suggest that correlated selection pressures rather than physical linkage or pleiotropy are responsible for the coevolution of these morphological and behavioral traits. They also suggest that the change in morphology evolved prior to the change in behavior. © 2020 The Authors. Evolution © 2020 The Society for the Study of Evolution.BACKGROUND There are unique advantages and disadvantages in the choice of contact mapping (CM) versus non-contact mapping (NCM) systems during ablation of right ventricular outflow tract (RVOT) arrhythmias. This study compared acute procedural success and clinical outcomes in matched patients undergoing CM versus NCM-guided RVOT ablation. METHODS 167 consecutive patients with idiopathic RVOT VA underwent NCM or CM-guided ablation. Propensity scoring was used to match each patient undergoing NCM-guided ablation to one control patient undergoing CM-guided ablation. RESULTS A total of 120 patients were included in this final analysis. If initial ablation was acutely unsuccessful in either group, patients crossed over to the other group. Ablation was acutely successful in 47 of 60 (78.3 %) patients in the NCM group and 55 of 60 (91.7%) in the CM group (P = 0.002). 13 NCM patients required CM and 2 CM patients crossed over to utilize NCM (P = 0.002). Procedural duration, fluoroscopy time and dose in NCM were greater than that in CM (P  less then  0.05, respectively). However, procedural complications were not different between two groups. During a mean follow-up of 51 ± 20.6 months, 51 of the 60 NCM patients remained free of arrhythmia, while 48 of the 60 CM patients had no recurrent arrhythmias (P = 0.47). CONCLUSION Contact mapping, compared to NCM, is the superior initial technique to guide RVOT arrhythmia ablation due to a higher procedural success without the need to switch to alternative mapping techniques, shorter procedural and fluoroscopic times. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Heat stress negatively impacts the reproductive performance of dairy cows. The main objective of this study was to dissect the genetic basis underlying dairy cow fertility under heat stress conditions. Our first goal was to estimate genetic components of cow conception across lactations considering heat stress. Our second goal was to reveal individual genes and functional gene-sets that explain a cow's ability to conceive under thermal stress. Data consisted of 74 221 insemination records on 13 704 Holstein cows. Multitrait linear repeatability test-day models with random regressions on a function of temperature-humidity index values were used for the analyses. Heritability estimates for cow conception under heat stress were around 2-3%, whereas genetic correlations between general and thermotolerance additive genetic effects were negative and ranged between -0.35 and -0.82, indicating an unfavorable relationship between cows' ability to conceive under thermo-neutral vs. thermo-stress conditions. Whole-genome scans identified at least six genomic regions on BTA1, BTA10, BTA11, BTA17, BTA21 and BTA23 associated with conception under thermal stress. These regions harbor candidate genes such as BRWD1, EXD2, ADAM20, EPAS1, TAOK3, and NOS1, which are directly implicated in reproductive functions and cellular response to heat stress. The gene-set enrichment analysis revealed functional terms related to fertilization, developmental biology, heat shock proteins and oxidative stress, among others. Overall, our findings contribute to a better understanding of the genetics underlying the reproductive performance of dairy cattle under heat stress conditions and point out novel genomic strategies for improving thermotolerance and fertility via marker-assisted breeding. © 2020 The Authors. Animal Genetics published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd on behalf of Stichting International Foundation for Animal Genetics.This study evaluated the interrelations between indoor and outdoor bioaerosols in a bedroom under a living condition. Two wideband integrated bioaerosol sensors were utilized to measure indoor and outdoor particulate matter (PM) and fluorescent biological airborne particles (FBAPs), which were within a size range of 0.5-20 μm. Throughout this one-month case study, the median proportion of FBAPs in PM by number was 19% (5%; the interquartile range, hereafter) and 17% (3%) for indoors and outdoors, respectively, and those by mass were 78% (12%) and 55% (9%). According to the size-resolved data, FBAPs dominated above 2 and 3.5 μm indoors and outdoors, respectively. Comparing indoor upon outdoor ratios among occupancy and window conditions, the indoor FBAPs larger than 3.16 μm were dominated by indoor sources, while non-FBAPs were mainly from outdoors. The occupant dominated the indoor source of both FBAPs and non-FBAPs. Under awake and asleep, count- and mass-based mean emission rates were 45.9 and 18.7 × 106 #/h and 5.02 and 2.83 mg/h, respectively. Based on indoor activities and local outdoor air quality in Singapore, this study recommended opening the window when awake and closing it during sleep to lower indoor bioaerosol exposure. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES Acral lentiginous melanoma (ALM) is a melanoma subtype associated with atypical locations on the hands and feet and advanced disease at diagnosis. There is a limited understanding of whether the survival is similar for nail, non-nail, lower limb and upper limb ALM patients. We therefore explored clinicopathologic characteristics and melanoma-specific survival of ALM patients according to tumour location. METHODS A prospectively collected cohort study was performed of all primary invasive cutaneous acral lentiginous melanomas with known thickness and tumour location reviewed at a tertiary referral centre over 21 years. RESULTS A total of 101 ALM patients were reviewed from 1994 until 2016. The majority of cases (82/101) occurred on the feet. Hand ALMs were thicker and more likely to be ulcerated than feet ALMs (P = 0.05 and 0.02, respectively); however, survival was not statistically different between these two groups (univariate HR 0.48 P = 0.11, 95% CI, 0.20-1.17; multivariate HR 0.67 P = 0.40, 95% CI, 0.27-1.69, respectively). Non-nail ALM patients had longer survival when compared to nail ALM on univariate analysis (HR 0.40, 95% CI, 0.17 to 0.90) which was accounted for by Breslow thickness and ulceration (multivariate HR 0.56, 95% CI, 0.24 to 1.34). CONCLUSIONS The reduced melanoma-specific survival in nail ALM patients was likely due to their greater thickness and ulceration. Although hand ALMs are thicker and more frequently ulcerated, this is likely due to the higher proportion of nail ALMs present in this location. © 2020 The Australasian College of Dermatologists.OBJECTIVES This study aimed to investigate the existing form of 5-hydroxy-4-methoxycanthin-6-one (PQ-A) in vivo after oral administration and the effects on its pharmacokinetics and tissue distribution by colitis. METHODS A rapid HPLC-MS/MS method was established to simultaneously determine PQ-A and its main metabolite, 1-methoxicabony-β-carboline (PQ-B), in biological samples acquired from normal and dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)-induced colitic rats administered orally with PQ-A. Then, the pharmacokinetics of both PQ-A and PQ-B, and tissue distribution of PQ-A in the above two states were analysed. KEY FINDINGS The pharmacokinetic results showed that the prototype of PQ-A was the main existing form in both physiological and pathological conditions. And significant difference between the above two status in pharmacokinetics of PQ-A was observed, such as higher exposure and longer elimination in colitis than that in normal rats. It suggested that the pharmacokinetics of medications for colitis was affected by enteritis. The tissue distribution studies displayed that PQ-A mainly accumulated in intestinal tract. Especially, the distribution of PQ-A in intestinal tract was increased obviously in colitic rats. Infigratinib CONCLUSIONS These results contributed to further illuminate the ADME process of PQ-A in different status and were prospected to be the reference to the clinical application of similar medicines in pathological states. © 2020 Royal Pharmaceutical Society.