Mercadobojesen0490

Default options are an increasingly common tool used by organizations, managers, and policymakers to guide individuals' behavior. We wondered whether the known preference for default options could constitute a nudge to achieve more equitable or more efficient results. Combining with event-related potentials, we found that both the default option and distributive justice contributed significantly to decision-making. The N200s and P300s were extracted using the tensor decomposition, which showed superiority in terms of capturing multi-domain features. The results demonstrated that greater brain activity associated with conflict monitoring was elicited in the trade-off between equity and efficiency when the default could not represent a socially desirable action. Besides, participants attached more motivational/affective significance to equitable defaults than inequitable default options. Further, individuals with larger neural response differences between equitable and inequitable defaults appeared to be more inequity aversion in behavior. These findings offer a novel perspective on the role of default effects on distributive justice, while contributing to both organizational policy and practice by using the default to improve social welfare.Moral comparison supports the moral judgment that then evaluates social behaviors and restrains social interactions. However, previous studies have not investigated what neural networks support the process of moral comparison. The present study examined neural networks of moral and physical size comparisons using a distance paradigm and functional magnetic resonance imaging. In the experiment, participants judged which picture/sentence presented a more moral scenario in the moral comparison run or which picture/sentence had a larger physical size in the physical comparison run. Results demonstrated that both moral and physical comparisons induced a distance effect-participants' responses were faster for high than low distance comparisons. Moreover, moral and physical comparisons recruited similar neural networks, including the bilateral dorsomedial prefrontal cortex, bilateral intraparietal sulcus, and bilateral insula. Interestingly, compared with physical size comparisons, moral comparisons elicited stronger activity in the bilateral precuneus, bilateral angular gyrus, and bilateral superior frontal gyrus. Meanwhile, compared with moral comparisons, physical size comparisons elicited stronger activity in the right inferior parietal lobule. Together, these results suggest that the neural substrates of moral and physical comparisons not only share the frontoparietal network but also rely on specific neural underpinnings, depending on the specific comparison recruited.The CagA protein one of the key virulence factors of Helicobacter pylori plays an important role in the pathogenesis of peptic ulcer diseases. Unfortunately the cagA gene status can only be determined by PCR while serology is an alternative approach to detect antigens or antibodies. Our aim is to detect the CagA antigen in sera of infected subjects by the development of an in-house capture ELISA test. Gastric antral biopsies and serum samples were collected from 63 patients. PCR was used to determine the cagA status. Our previously developed recombinant CagA protein and monoclonal antibody were used for setting up the capture ELISA test. H. pylori positive [(38 gastritis, 14 duodenal ulcers (DU), 11 gastric ulcer (GU)] patients were determined by PCR. The cagA gene was detected in 21 (55%) of gastritis, 11 (78%) of DU and 7 (60%) of GU patients. The reagents used in setting up the capture ELISA test following optimization displayed high performance. This study showed that our developed in-house capture ELISA has the potential to detect the CagA antigen at very low concentrations even though not detected in our H. pylori infected patients sera but we are also intended to use it in saliva and stool samples.Autoimmune and inflammatory diseases are common and diverse, and they can affect nearly any organ system. Much of the pathogenesis of these diseases is related to dysregulated cytokine activity. Historically, autoimmune and inflammatory diseases have been treated with medications that nonspecifically suppress the immune system. mAbs that block the action of pathogenic cytokines emerged 2 decades ago and have become widely useful. More recently, agents that simultaneously block multiple pathogenic cytokines via inhibition of the downstream Janus kinase (JAK)-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway have emerged and are becoming increasingly important. These small-molecule inhibitors, collectively termed JAK inhibitors, are US Food and Drug Administration-approved in a few autoimmune/inflammatory disorders and are being evaluated in many others. Here, we review the biology of the JAK-signal transducer and activator of transcription pathway and the use of JAK inhibitors to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases across medical subspecialties.Echinoderms are important marine organisms that live in a wide range from the intertidal zone to the abyssal zone. Members of this phylum are prone to dramatic population fluctuations that may trigger dramatic shifts in ecosystem structure. Despite the extremely complex nature of the marine environment, the immune systems of echinoderms induce a complex innate immune response to prokaryotic and eukaryotic pathogens. Previous studies showed that many echinoderm disease outbreaks were associated with specific bacteria, whereas recent scientific investigations using newly developed technologies revealed the amazing diversity of viruses in seawater. Viruses are potential pathogens of several infectious diseases of marine echinoderms. We reviewed the discovery of viruses in echinoderms and discussed the relationship between viruses and diseases for the first time. We further summarized the research progress of the potential immune-related genes and signal pathways induced by viruses and poly (IC). Additionally, numbers of studies showed that active substances extracted from echinoderms, or the compounds synthesized from these substances, have significant antihuman virus ability. This result suggests that the active substances derived from echinoderms provide potential antiviral protection for the organism, which may provide future research directions for the antiviral immunity of echinoderms. Thus, this review also collected information on the antiviral activities of biologically active substances from echinoderms, which may pave the way for new trends in antiviral immunity for echinoderms and antiviral drugs in humans.Unlike vertebrate species, invertebrates lack antigen-antibody mediated immune response and mainly rely on haemocyte phagocytosis to fight against pathogen infection. Recently, studies conducted in model vertebrates demonstrated that the multifunctional protein calmodulin (CaM) plays an important role in regulating immune responses. However, the intrinsic relation between CaM and phagocytosis process remains poorly understood in invertebrate species such as bivalve mollusks. Therefore, in the present study, the immunomodulatory function of CaM on haemocyte phagocytosis was verified in the blood clam, Tegillarca granosa, using the CaM-specific inhibitor N-(6-aminohexyl)-5-chloro-1-naphthalenesulfonamide hydrochloride (W-7). Results obtained show that CaM inhibition significantly suppressed the phagocytic activity of haemocytes. In addition, CaM inhibition constrained intracellular Ca2+ elevation, hampered actin cytoskeleton assembly, suppressed calcineurin (CaN) activity, and disrupted NF-κB activation in haemocytes upon LPS induction. Furthermore, expression of seven selected genes from the actin cytoskeleton regulation- and immune-related pathways were significantly downregulated whereas those of CaM and CaN from the Ca2+-signaling pathway were significantly upregulated by in vitro incubation of haemocytes with W-7. For the first time, the present study demonstrated that CaM play an important role in phagocytosis modulation in bivalve species. In addition, the intracellular Ca2+ and downstream Ca2+-signaling-, actin cytoskeleton regulation-, and immune-related pathways offer candidate routes through which CaM modulates phagocytosis.Mre11A is considered as a cytosolic DNA receptor in mammals. However, it is rarely known about Mre11A in other vertebrates. Recently, a mammalian ortholog of Mre11A has been identified in grass carp (Ctenopharyngodon idellus) in our lab. selleck Phylogenetic-tree analysis provided evidence for a close genetic relationship between C.idellus Mre11A and Carassius auratus Mre11A. The tissue expression profile of CiMre11A was detected, with a relatively higher level of expression in kidney, intestines, liver and spleen than that in other tissues after grass carp reovirus (GCRV) infection. Similarly, CiMre11A was also up-regulated in CIK cells after treatment with GCRV. Q-PCR and dual-luciferase assays indicated that the transcription levels of IFN1 and ISG15 were inhibited by CiMre11A knockdown, but were gradually augmented after CIK cells were transfected with increasing amounts of CiMre11A. Subcellular localization assays showed that a part of CiMre11A was translocated from the nucleus to the cytoplasm. Co-immunoprecipitation and co-localization assays demonstrated that CiMre11A interacts with CiSTING in response to GCRV infection. In CIK cells, the expressions of both IFN1 and ISG15 were acutely up-regulated by CiMre11A overexpression, as well as by co-overexpression of CiMre11A and CiSTING. CiMre11A and CiSTING induced the phosphorylation and cytoplasmic-to-nuclear translocation of IRF7 in CIK cells. The multiplication of GCRV in CIK cells was inhibited by the overexpression of CiMre11A and CiSTING.Osteoporosis is a bone disease that mainly affects older people and postmenopausal women. Lack of proper treatment for this disease gives rise to many problems in patients and occasionally leads to death. Many drugs have been utilized to treat osteoporosis but the most effective one is the bisphosphonates (BPs) family. This family has several positive effects on bone tissue, including promoting bone healing, enhancing bone mineral density, reducing bone resorption, preventing pathologic fractures, suppressing bone turnover, and modulating bone remodeling. On the other hand, there have also been inconclusive reports that BPs might have a desirable or even adverse impact on osteoporotic patients. Therefore, we set out to examine the positive and negative effects of this family, with a focus on the most potent one that is zoledronate (Zol), in clinical usage. Zoledronate is an amino-BPs and nitrogen-containing drug which is the most powerful BPs on osteoporosis treatment or prevention. Many studies showed its effectiveness in the treatment of osteoporosis and bone healing. As Zol enjoys a considerable potential in treating and preventing osteoporosis, it can be used as one of the effective treatments in this field.Angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE 2) is a membrane-bound enzyme that cleaves angiotensin II (Ang II) into angiotensin (1-7). It also serves as an important binding site for SARS-CoV-2, thereby, facilitating viral entry into target host cells. ACE 2 is abundantly present in the intestine, kidney, heart, lungs, and fetal tissues. Fetal ACE 2 is involved in myocardium growth, lungs and brain development. ACE 2 is highly expressed in pregnant women to compensate preeclampsia by modulating angiotensin (1-7) which binds to the Mas receptor, having vasodilator action and maintain fluid homeostasis. There are reports available on Zika, H1N1 and SARS-CoV where these viruses have shown to produce fetal defects but very little is known about SARS-CoV-2 involvement in pregnancy, but it might have the potential to interact with fetal ACE 2 and enhance COVID-19 transmission to the fetus, leading to fetal morbidity and mortality. This review sheds light on a path of SARS-CoV-2 transmission risk in pregnancy and its possible link with fetal ACE 2.