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The ecological risk of OPPs to surface water was greater in summer than in winter. Water Flea was at medium risk, and malathion had the greatest influence on Water Flea in both summer and winter. The non-carcinogenic and carcinogenic risks of the four main OPPs in surface water were higher than in groundwater, and were higher in summer than in winter, but they would not lead to adverse health effects on local residents.
Numerous studies have examined the association between long-term exposure to particulate matter with an aerodynamic diameter of ≤2.5μm (PM
) and hypertension. However, the results are inconsistent.
Considering the limitations of previous meta-analyses and the publication of many new studies in recent years, we conducted this meta-analysis to assess the relationship between long-term PM
exposure and the incidence and prevalence of hypertension in a healthy population.
We searched PubMed, Web of Science, Embase, and Scopus for relevant studies published until April 2, 2021 and reviewed the reference lists of previous reviews. A total of 28 observational studies reporting RR or OR with 95% CI for the association between long-term PM
exposure and the risk of hypertension were included.
After the sensitivity analysis, we excluded one study with a high degree of heterogeneity, resulting in 27 studies and 28 independent reports. Approximately 42 million participants were involved, and the cases of hyperulted in an increased risk of hypertension.
Short-term temperature variability (TV) is associated with the exacerbation of asthma, but little is known about the relative effects of intra- and inter-day TV. We aimed to assess the relative impacts of intra- and inter-day TV on childhood asthma and to explore the modification effects by season.
A quasi-Poisson generalized linear regression model combined with a distributed lag nonlinear model was adopted to evaluate the nonlinear and lagged effects of TV on childhood asthma in Shanghai from 2009 to 2017. Intra- and inter-day TV was measured with diurnal temperature range (DTR) and temperature changes between neighboring days (TCN), respectively.
Increased DTR was associated with the elevated relative risk (RR) of daily outpatient visits for childhood asthma (DOVCA) in both the whole year (RR
for the 99th percentile 1.264, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.052, 1.518) and cold season (RR
for the 99th percentile 1.411, 95% CI 1.053, 1.889). Higher TCN in the warm season was associated with the increased RR of DOVCA (RR
for the 99th percentile 2.964, 95% CI 1.636, 5.373). The number and fraction of DOVCA attributed to an interquartile range (IQR) increase of TCN were higher than those attributed to DTR in both the whole year period and warm season. However, the number and fraction of DOVCA attributed to an IQR increase of DTR were greater than those attributed to TCN in the cold season.
Our results provide novel evidence that both intra- and inter-day TV might be a trigger of childhood asthma. Higher DTR appeared to have greater impacts on childhood asthma in the cold season while an increase in TCN seemed to have bigger effects in the warm season.
Our results provide novel evidence that both intra- and inter-day TV might be a trigger of childhood asthma. Higher DTR appeared to have greater impacts on childhood asthma in the cold season while an increase in TCN seemed to have bigger effects in the warm season.Microplastic pollution and the impacts they generate on the marine ecosystem and its biota is a major global concern of recent decades. The present study was conducted to evaluate the spatio-temporal distribution of microplastics in the surface waters, sediments, and their subsequent ingestion by the commercially important fishes of Alappuzha Mud banks, a transient ecosystem formed in the littoral zones of the southwest coast of India exclusively during the Indian summer monsoon. Sampling conducted over three periods, Pre-mud bank (Pre-MB), Mud bank (MB), and Post mud bank (Post-MB) extending over three depths (2 m, 5 m and 18 m), along the semi-circular patch of mudbanks revealed marked spatio-temporal variability in microplastic distribution. In both surface water and sediments, microplastic concentration was comparatively high during MB than in Pre-MB and Post-MB periods. Spatially, during MB, the microplastic concentration was high at 5 m where the dampening of waves occurred concomitant to the thick fluid mud formation. In contrast, during Post-MB, with the subsequent dissipation of MB's and less wave dampening, the microplastics aggregated at 5 m were transported to both inshore (2 m) and offshore (18 m), thus raising their concentration at these depths. Likewise, the microplastic ingestion was more in fishes caught during MB (41%) than Post-MB (30%) and Pre-MB (29%) periods indicating increased uptake corresponding to the higher incidences in their ambient environment. Microplastic ingestion was more among pelagic planktivores, S. gibbosa (38%), A. chacunda (20%) and R. kanagurta (13%) compared to the demersal fishes. White coloured fragments of size 1-5 mm of polypropylene were the dominant microplastic in the surface waters, sediment and fishes analysed. The present study indicates the critical role of wind speed, rainfall, wave patterns, and the fluid muddy environment in regulating the microplastics distribution in a transient ecosystem formed along the southwest coast of India.Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is a progressive debilitating disease with diminished quality of life after COPD hospital admissions. Due to the nature of the disease, it is important to address patients' goals of care, preferably prior to the development of refractory COPD. Advance Care Planning (ACP) is an all-encompassing term that involves discussing goals with patients. Various review articles on ACP and COPD focus on defining ACP, identifying barriers to addressing ACP, and using interventions to incorporate ACP in practice. There is evidence that ACP improves quality of communication, reduces admissions, and increases quality of life, but often the focus of that research has been on patients with cancer. U0126 chemical structure Many of the articles have suggestions for how to apply ACP to chronic lung disease, but without further research and definitive guidance it may be difficult to obtain funding for programs dedicated to ACP. There are currently no guidelines for addressing ACP in patients with COPD. Research addresses why advance care planning is important, yet there are barriers that patients, families, and healthcare providers encounter, preventing meaningful discussions. Research has also found that utilizing multidisciplinary teams improves care and quality of life, yet research should be dedicated to investigating the effects of advance care planning initiatives on outcomes in patients with COPD, particularly in reducing hospital admissions and improving quality of life. This review seeks to educate providers about end-stage COPD and advance care planning, the evidence demonstrating advance care planning's importance, and the current and future state of research.Volume scanning electron microscopy (VSEM) involves the serial sectioning and imaging of a sample using scanning electron microscopy (SEM), followed by segmentation and three-dimensional reconstruction using computer software packages to allow visualisation of three-dimensional structures. VSEM can reveal qualitative and quantitative properties of organelles and cells within tissues at nanoscale. The ability to visualise spatial relationships of structures of interest within and across cells in three-dimensional space in particular sets VSEM apart from conventional SEM and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Here we provide an overview of VSEM platforms and image processing, highlighting characteristics that will aid selection of a method to address specific research questions in dermatological research.Insulin and leptin are classically regarded as peptide hormones that play key roles in metabolism. In actuality, they serve several functions in both the periphery and central nervous system (CNS). Likewise, insulin and leptin resistance can occur both peripherally and centrally. Metabolic disorders such as diabetes and obesity share several key features including insulin and leptin resistance. While the peripheral effects of these disorders are well-known (i.e. cardiovascular disease, hypertension, stroke, dyslipidemia, etc.), the CNS complications of leptin and insulin resistance have come into sharper focus. Both preclinical and clinical findings have indicated that insulin and leptin resistance are associated with cognitive deficits and neuropsychiatric diseases such as depression. Importantly, these studies also suggest that these deficits in neuroplasticity can be reversed by restoration of insulin and leptin sensitivity. In view of these observations, this review will describe, in detail, the peripheral and central functions of insulin and leptin and explain the role of insulin and leptin resistance in various metabolic disorders, cognition, and neuropsychiatric diseases.Parkinson's disease (PD) is a complex multisystem, chronic and so far incurable disease with significant unmet medical needs. The incidence of PD increases with aging and the expected burden will continue to escalate with our aging population. Since its discovery in the 1961 levodopa has remained the gold standard pharmacotherapy for PD. However, the progressive nature of the neurodegenerative process in and beyond the nigrostriatal system causes a multitude of side effects, including levodopa-induced dyskinesia within 5 years of therapy. Attenuating dyskinesia has been a significant challenge in the clinical management of PD. We report on a small molecule that eliminates the expression of levodopa-induced dyskinesia and significantly improves PD-like symptoms. The lead compound PD13R we discovered is a dopamine D3 receptor partial agonist with high affinity and selectivity, orally active and with desirable drug-like properties. Future studies are aimed at developing this lead compound for treating PD patients with dyskinesia.
We aimed to clarify whether red dichromatic imaging (RDI), a new image-enhanced endoscopy improves the visibility of bleeding points in acute gastrointestinal bleeding (AGIB) compared with white-light imaging (WLI).
Images and videos of bleeding points acquired with WLI and RDI during endoscopic hemostasis for AGIB were retrospectively compared. In images, the color difference between bleeding points and surrounding blood was analyzed. In videos, 4 expert and 4 trainee endoscopists evaluated the visibility on a scale of 1 (undetectable) to 4 (easily detectable). Furthermore, the correlation between the color difference and visibility score was evaluated.
We analyzed 64 lesions. The color difference was significantly higher in RDI (13.11 ± 4.02) than in WLI (7.38 ± 3.68, p < 0.001). The mean visibility score for all endoscopists was significantly higher in RDI (3.12 ± 0.51) compared with WLI (2.72 ± 0.50, p < 0.001); this was also observed in experts (3.12 ± 0.51 vs 2.72 ± 0.50, p < 0.001) and trainees (3.12 ± 0.51 vs 2.72 ± 0.50, p < 0.001). The color difference and the visibility score were moderately correlated for all endoscopists (γ = 0.56, p < 0.001), as well as for experts (γ = 0.53, p < 0.001) and trainees (γ = 0.57, p < 0.001).
RDI improves the visibility of bleeding points in AGIB compared with WLI. RDI help endoscopists at all levels of experience to recognize bleeding points, by enhancing the color contrast relative to the surrounding blood.
RDI improves the visibility of bleeding points in AGIB compared with WLI. RDI help endoscopists at all levels of experience to recognize bleeding points, by enhancing the color contrast relative to the surrounding blood.
