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This research provides a new approach to comprehensively analyze TM pollution characteristics of non-ferrous smelting sites. It provides valuable information for guiding post-remediation strategies at abandoned non-ferrous metal smelting sites.To overcome the technical bottleneck of fine amyloid lysozyme fibrils in environmental engineering, a novel co-operative strategy was identified to fabricate free-standing lysozyme complex nanofibers based membrane-type adsorbent (Lys-CNFs membrane) through a combination of vacuum filtration for lead remediation. The composition of the membrane integrated the linear amyloid protofilaments that were obtained by acid-heating fibrillation and polydopamine that adjusted the fibers' diameters and surface chemistry. As expected, the Lys-CNFs membrane not only showed nanofibrous morphology and layer stacking architecture but presented a hierarchical macro-mesoporous structure along with a high surface area of 220.4 m2/g. Besides, the thermal stability up to 200 ℃ and wetting nature of below 2 s endowed its further applicability. Adsorption experiments showed that Lys-CNFs membrane can effectively uptake Pb(II) ions with acceptable selectivity, high adsorption capacity of 270.3 mg/g, rapid equilibrium kinetic within only 10 mins, and good reusability that dropped by 14.9% efficiency even after five cycles, indicating that Lys-CNFs membrane can be as an affordable technology for alleviating the lead pollution issues.Skills are an important predictor of labour, education, and wellbeing outcomes. selleck chemicals Understanding the origins of skills formation is important for reducing future inequalities. This paper analyses the effect of shocks in-utero on human capital outcomes in childhood and adolescence in India. Combining historical rainfall data and longitudinal data from Young Lives, we estimate the effect of rainfall shocks in-utero on cognitive and non-cognitive skills development over the first 15 years of life. We find negative effects of rainfall shocks on receptive vocabulary at age 5, and on mathematics and non-cognitive skills at age 15. The negative effects on cognitive skills are driven by boys, while the effect for both cognitive and non-cognitive skills are driven by children of parents with lower education, suggesting that prenatal shocks might exacerbate pre-existing inequalities. Our findings support the implementation of policies aiming at reducing inequalities at very early stages in life.Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), many of which are carcinogenic, teratogenic, and mutagenic, exist in fly ash (FA) produced from municipal solid waste incineration (MSWI). Hydrothermal treatment (HT) is an efficient approach to remove PAHs from MSWI FA. Here, magnetite (Fe3O4) was used as the catalyst and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) as the oxidant for one-step and two-step catalytic hydrothermal methods. When the magnetite dosage increased to 15 wt%, the maximum degradation rates of PAHs were 84.36% and 92.51%, respectively; however, the toxicity equivalent quantity (TEQ) degradation rates of the PAHs both increased upon increasing the magnetite dose. At 20 wt% Fe3O4, the maximum TEQ degradation rates of the PAHs were 93.29% and 97.76%, respectively. link2 The reaction between OH and PAHs is non-selective, which means that LMW, MMW, and HMW PAHs were all degraded. The decrease in TEQ was mainly due to the degradation of HMW PAHs, i.e., those with five rings. Under the same Fe3O4 dose, oxidant dose, and reaction time, the detoxification of PAHs by the two-step method was significantly better than that of the one-step method, possibly because the two-step method more effectively produced OH. The first step degraded more than 90% of PAHs, and the residual PAHs in the HT products of the first step limited the utilization of the oxidant during the second step. The minerals in the HT products implied that the two-step hydrothermal method not only produced more OH, which reacted with PAHs, but also generated metal-magnetite substitution, which affected its surface reactivity during heavy metal adsorption and catalysis. These results revealed that both magnetite and the two-step hydrothermal treatment degraded PAHs. 20 wt% magnetite was the optimal amount during the two-step hydrothermal catalytic oxidation of MSWI FA.Inadequate sanitation infrastructure is a global problem that is particularly impacting rural areas. And decentralized wastewater management system is considered as the feasible solution for rural sewage treatment (RuST). link3 However, determining the cost-effective (CE) pattern for decentralized RuST is methodologically challenging because of scarce decision-support tools. In this research, a RuST optimization model (RuST-OM) was developed to gain an insight into the CE pattern of RuST based on the greedy algorithm. This model involves tradeoffs in the economy-of-scale and technology of wastewater treatment system versus the cost and energy consumption of the sewage collection system. The investment associated with the CE pattern for RuST is closely linked to the environmental demand, RuST coverage, topographic complexity, and degree of household dispersion. The cost of the CE pattern falls between the onsite-B and community-based pattern, and this range represents the optimized interval for RuST planning. Nature-based technology is a sustainable alternative for RuST in areas characterized by low or moderate environmental demand. To ensure applicability of the RuST-OM in other countries/regions, built-in datasets (e.g., technology and pipeline design parameters) are designed based on rural area features that can be modified as necessary. This research highlights the utility of the CE pattern for RuST planning, and can serve as a reference for RuST planning around the world.Geogenic iodine-contaminated groundwater represents a threat to public health in China. Identifying high-iodine areas is essential to guide the mitigation of this problem. Considering that traditional analytical techniques for iodine testing are generally time-consuming, laborious, and expensive, alternative methods are needed to supplement and enhance existing approaches. Therefore, we developed an artificial neural network (ANN) model and assessed its feasibility in terms of predicting high iodine levels in groundwater in China. A total of 22 indicators (including climate, topography, geology, and soil properties) and 3185 aggregated samples (measured groundwater iodine concentrations) were utilized to develop the ANN model. The results showed that the accuracy and area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of the model on the test dataset are 90.9% and 0.972, respectively, and climate and soil variables are the most effective predictors. Based on the prediction results, a high-resolution (1-km) nationwide prediction map of high-iodine groundwater was produced. The high-risk areas are mainly concentrated in the central provinces of Henan, Shaanxi, and Shanxi, the eastern provinces of Henan, Shandong, and Hebei, and the northeastern provinces of Liaoning, Jilin, and Heilongjiang. The total number of people estimated to potentially be at high-risk areas because they use untreated high-iodine groundwater as drinking water is approximately 30 million. Considering the growing demand for groundwater in China, this work can guide the prioritization of groundwater contamination mitigation efforts based on regional groundwater quality levels to enhance environmental management.In this Short Communication, we raise the concern that the existing conceptualization of 'vulnerability', introduced in the IPCC Fifth Assessment Report (AR5), is not facilitative for standalone vulnerability assessments and that this conceptualization has not been well accepted by the vulnerability researchers. We identify three key reasons for low adoption of the AR5 conceptualization in climate change vulnerability assessments, and urge the IPCC Working Group II to clarify how the current conceptualization of 'vulnerability' can facilitate standalone climate change vulnerability assessments. We propose treating 'exposure' not only as a precondition for vulnerability but also as a secondary driver of vulnerability to capture the influence of differential exposure.In this study, ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry (UPLC-QTOF-MS/MS) and ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled with photo-diode array spectrometry (UPLC-DAD) were firstly integrated to qualitatively characterize the chemical profiles and quantitatively determine the major components in Impatiens Caulis (IC), a Chinese medicinal herb derived from the dried stem of Impatiens balsamina. The qualitative analysis revealed that there was no difference in chemical profiles of twenty commercial IC samples. A total of 45 components were characterized, there in 5 naphthoquinones, 3 coumarins, 5 phenolic acids, 12 flavonoids and 3 other compounds were identified definitely. However, the quantitative results showed a significant difference in these IC samples. In particular, the highest content of total quantified compounds was even 9.49 times of the lowest one. Furthermore, the average contents of these quantified compounds in twenty commercial IC samples had high values of relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 15.64% to 98.76%, suggesting a poor quality consistency in these commercial IC samples. Therefore, efficacy related chemical markers as well as the cultivation region, harvest time and/or post-harvest handling of IC should be further investigated for ensuring its quality and efficacy consistency.Correct determination of the instantaneous level and changes of relevant proteins inside individual cells is essential for correct interpretation and understanding of physiological, diagnostic, and therapeutic events. Thus, single-cell analyses are important for quantification of natural cellular heterogeneity, which cannot be evaluated from averaged data of a cell population measurements. Here, we developed an original highly sensitive and selective instrumentation and methodology based on homogeneous single-step bioluminescence assay to quantify caspases and evaluate their heterogeneity in individual cells. Individual suspended cells are selected under microscope and reliably transferred into the 7 µl detection vials by a micromanipulator. The sensitivity of the method is given by implementation of photomultiplying tube with a cooled photocathode working in the photon counting mode. By optimization of our device and methodology, the limits of detection and quantitation were decreased down to 2.1 and 7.0 fg of recombinant caspase-3, respectively. These masses are lower than average amounts of caspase-3/7 in individual apoptotic and even non-apoptotic cells. As a proof of concept, the content of caspase-3/7 in single treated and untreated HeLa cells was determined to be 154 and 25 fg, respectively. Based on these results, we aim to use the technology for investigations of non-apoptotic functions of caspases.Combining traditional Chinese medicine and chemical drugs with antimicrobial activities has become more popular, but there is insufficient relevant research on such combinations. The Tanreqing injection (TRQI), a Chinese compound medicine, exhibits therapeutic effects in treating upper respiratory tract infections, severe influenza, and pneumonia. This research investigates the pharmacokinetics of TRQI in pneumonia model rats and explores the effect of the antibiotic cefixime on its metabolism. The pneumonia model rats were randomly divided into six groups low, medium, and high (3, 6, and 12 mL kg-1) dose TRQI group, and a medium dose TRQI combined with cefixime (14.4 mg kg-1) group, with the remainder two groups were control group. Blood samples were collected from the tail vein at different time points between 0 and 24 h after injection. A sensitive and quick method based on ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (UPLC-MS/MS) was established for the simultaneous determination of the 13 TRQI components in the blood samples.