Mathiasenherbert1598

Despite recent revisions, the classification of personality disorder remains a matter of dispute, and there is little evidence of consistent progress toward an evidence-based system. This essay examines four issues impeding taxonomic progress and explores how they might be addressed. First, the phenomenological and aetiological complexity of personality disorder poses a formidable challenge to traditional taxonomic methods. Second, current classifications incorporate assumptions such as a stringent version of medical model and an essentialist philosophy that are inconsistent with empirical evidence. Third, despite the claims of trait psychology, a viable alternative to categorical diagnosis is not available. Contemporary trait models have not gained widespread clinical acceptance and substantial conceptual and methodological limitations compromise their clinical value. Finally, the processes used to revise official classifications are biased toward conservative revisions and difficult to shield from non-scientific influences. It is suggested that rather making further attempts to develop a general monolithic classification that meets all needs, consideration be given to developing a more flexible and multifaceted framework that combines diagnosis and assessment. © 2019 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.Scarless skin regeneration with functional tissue remains a challenge for full-thickness wounds. Here, mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-laden hydrogels are developed for scarless wound healing with hair follicles. Microgels composed of aligned silk nanofibers are used to load MSCs to modulate the paracrine. MSC-laden microgels are dispersed into injectable silk nanofiber hydrogels, forming composites biomaterials containing the cells. The injectable hydrogels protect and stabilize the MSCs in the wounds. The synergistic action of silk-based composite hydrogels and MSCs stimulated angiogenesis and M1-M2 phenotype switching of macrophages, provides a suitable niche for functional recovery of wounds. Compared to skin defects treated with MSC-free hydrogels, the defects treated with the MSC-laden composite hydrogels heal faster and form scarless tissues with hair follicles. Wound healing can be further improved by adjusting the ratio of silk nanofibers and particles and the loaded MSCs, suggesting tunability of the system. To the best of current knowledge, this is the first time scarless skin regeneration with hair follicles based on silk material systems is reported. The improved wound healing capacity of the systems suggests future in vivo studies to compare to other biomaterial systems related to clinical goals in skin regeneration in the absence of scarring. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Current standard of care dressings are unsatisfactorily inefficacious for the treatment of chronic wounds. Chronic inflammation is the primary cause of the long-term incurable nature of chronic wounds. Herein, an absorbable nanofibrous hydrogel is developed for synergistic modulation of the inflammation microenvironment to accelerate chronic diabetic wound healing. The electrospun thioether grafted hyaluronic acid nanofibers (FHHA-S/Fe) are able to form a nanofibrous hydrogel in situ on the wound bed. This hydrogel degrades and is absorbed gradually within 3 days. The grafted thioethers on HHA can scavenge the reactive oxygen species quickly in the early inflammation phase to relieve the inflammation reactions. Additionally, the HHA itself is able to promote the transformation of the gathered M1 macrophages to the M2 phenotype, thus synergistically accelerating the wound healing phase transition from inflammation to proliferation and remodeling. On the chronic diabetic wound model, the average remaining wound area after FHHA-S/Fe treatment is much smaller than both that of FHHA/Fe without grafted thioethers and the control group, especially in the early wound healing stage. Therefore, this facile dressing strategy with intrinsic dual modulation mechanisms of the wound inflammation microenvironment may act as an effective and safe treatment strategy for chronic wound management. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Biological systems, which possess remarkable functions and excellent properties, are gradually becoming a source of inspiration for the fabrication of advanced tissue regeneration biomaterials due to their hierarchical structures and novel compositions. 5-aza-2'-deoxycytidine molecular weight It would be meaningful to learn and transfer the characteristics of creatures to biomaterials design. However, traditional strategies cannot satisfy the design requirements of the complicated bioinspired materials for tissue regeneration. 3D printing, as a rapidly developing new technology that can accurately achieve multimaterial and multiscale fabrication, is capable of optimizing the fabrication of bioinspired materials with complex composition and structure. This review summarizes the recent developments in 3D-printed bioinspired biomaterials for multiple tissue regeneration, and especially highlights the progresses on i) traditional bioinspired designs for biomaterials fabrication, ii) biological composition inspired designs for the 3D-printed biomaterials, and iii) biological structure inspired designs for the 3D-printed biomaterials. Finally, the challenges and prospects for the development of 3D-printed bioinspired biomaterials are discussed. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Three-dimensional organoid tissue culture models are a promising approach for the study of biological processes including diseases. Advances in these tissue culture technologies improve in vitro analysis compared to standard 2D cellular approaches and are more representative of the physiological environment. However, a major challenge associated with organoid systems stems from the laborious processing involved in the analysis of large numbers of organoids. Here the design, characterization, and application of silk-elastin-like protein-based smart carrier arrays for processing organoids is presented. Fabrication of hydrogel-based carrier systems at room temperature result in organized arrays of organoids that maintain tissue culture plate orientation and could be processed simultaneously for histology. link2 The system works by transfer of the organoids to the hydrogel arrays after which the material is subjected to 65 °C to induce hydrogel contraction to secure the organoids, resulting in multisample constructs and allowing for placement on a microscope slide. Histological processing and immunostaining of these arrayed cerebral organoids analyzed within the contracted silk-elastin-like proteins (SELP) show retention of native organoid features compared to controls without the hydrogel carrier system, thus avoiding any artifacts. These SELP carriers present a useful approach for improving efficiency of scaled organoid screening and processing. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.There is a great challenge in regenerating osteochondral defects because they involve lesions of both cartilage and subchondral bone, which have remarkable differences in their chemical compositions and biological lineages. Thus, considering the complicated requirements in osteochondral reconstruction, a biomimetic biphasic osteochondral scaffold (BBOS) with the layer-specific release of stem cell differentiation inducers are developed. The cartilage regeneration layer (cartilage scaffold, CS) in the BBOS contains a hyaluronic acid hydrogel to mimic the composition of cartilage, which is mechanically enhanced by host-guest supramolecular units to control the release of kartogenin (KGN). Additionally, a 3D-printed hydroxyapatite (HAp) scaffold releasing alendronate (ALN) is employed as the bone-regeneration layer (bone scaffold, BS). The two layers are bound by semi-immersion and could regulate the hierarchical targeted differentiation behavior of the stem cells. Compared to the drug-free scaffold, the MSCs in the BBOS could be promoted to differentiate into both chondrocytes and osteoblasts. The in vivo results demonstrate the strong promotion of cartilage or bone regeneration in their respective layers. It is expected that this BBOS with layer-specific inducer release can become a new strategy for osteochondral regeneration. © 2020 WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.Schwann cells (SCs) are the most promising seed cells for peripheral nerve tissue engineering, but clinical applications are limited by the lack of cell sources. Existing data demonstrate that bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BMSCs) can be induced to differentiate into Schwann-like cells and aligned nanofibers can enhance the differentiation. Considering that SCs are living along with the electrical conductive axons, it is hypothesized that conductivity properties may play roles in SCs differentiation and then facilitate nerve regeneration. To verify this hypothesis, amine functionalized multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) are incorporated with polycaprolactone and gelatin to fabricate aligned or random conductive nanofibers by electrospinning. Current data demonstrate that MWCNTs can dramatically increase the electrical conductive properties but do not alter the biocompatibility of the nanofibers. It is found that endowing conductive properties into the aligned nanofibers can significantly enhance their capability to promote the SCs differentiation. Furthermore, the aligned and conductive nanofibers with induced BMSCs can dramatically promote peripheral axonal regeneration. Collectively, the present study demonstrates that the conductive properties in the aligned nanofiber plays significant roles in SCs differentiation and the aligned and conductive nanofibers can be used as a promising scaffold for SCs differentiation and peripheral nerve tissue engineering. © 2020 The Authors. Published by WILEY-VCH Verlag GmbH & Co. KGaA, Weinheim.INTRODUCTION Large-scale brain networks are disrupted in the early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Electroencephalography microstate analysis, a promising method for studying brain networks, parses EEG signals into topographies representing discrete, sequential network activations. Prior studies indicate that patients with AD show a pattern of global microstate disorganization. We investigated whether any specific microstate changes could be found in patients with AD and mild cognitive impairment (MCI) compared to healthy controls (HC). MATERIALS AND METHODS Standard EEGs were obtained from 135 HC, 117 patients with MCI, and 117 patients with AD from six Nordic memory clinics. We parsed the data into four archetypal microstates. RESULTS There was significantly increased duration, occurrence, and coverage of microstate A in patients with AD and MCI compared to HC. When looking at microstates in specific frequency bands, we found that microstate A was affected in delta (1-4 Hz), theta (4-8 Hz), and beta (13-30 Hz), while microstate D was affected only in the delta and theta bands. Microstate features were able to separate HC from AD with an accuracy of 69.8% and HC from MCI with an accuracy of 58.7%. link3 CONCLUSIONS Further studies are needed to evaluate whether microstates represent a valuable disease classifier. Overall, patients with AD and MCI, as compared to HC, show specific microstate alterations, which are limited to specific frequency bands. These alterations suggest disruption of large-scale cortical networks in AD and MCI, which may be limited to specific frequency bands. © 2020 The Authors. Brain and Behavior published by Wiley Periodicals, LLC.