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01) evoked from the dlPAG. Finally, to assess functional interactions between A5 and dlPAG, extracellular activity of putative A5 neurones were recorded during dlPAG electrical stimulation. Forty A5 cells were recorded, 16 of which were affected by dlPAG stimulation (40%). 4 cells showed activation, 5 cells excitation and 7 cells decreased spontaneous activity to dlPAG stimulation (p less then  0.001). These results confirm a link between the A5 region and dlPAG. The potential role of these connections in the modulation of dlPAG evoked cardiorespiratory responses and their possible clinical implications are discussed.Dispersal is a fundamental biological process that operates at different temporal and spatial scales with consequences for individual fitness, population dynamics, population genetics, and species distributions. Studying this process is particularly challenging when the focus is on microscopic organisms that disperse passively, whilst controlling neither the transience nor the settlement phase of their movement. In this work we propose a comprehensive approach for studying passive dispersal of microscopic invertebrates and demonstrate it using wind and phoretic vectors. The protocol includes the construction of versatile, modifiable dispersal tunnels as well as a theoretical framework quantifying the movement of species via wind or vectors, and a hierarchical Bayesian approach appropriate to the structure of the dispersal data. The tunnels were used to investigate the three stages of dispersal (viz., departure, transience, and settlement) of two species of minute, phytophagous eriophyid mites Aceria tosichella and Abacarus hystrix. The proposed devices are inexpensive and easy to construct from readily sourced materials. Possible modifications enable studies of a wide range of mite species and facilitate manipulation of dispersal factors, thus opening a new important area of ecological study for many heretofore understudied species.Avoidance behavior can be a useful parameter for assessing the ability of organisms to escape from pollutants in their environment. For soil evaluation, a variety of invertebrates is used including the oribatid mite Oppia nitens. Here, we tested the avoidance behavior of O. nitens using a two-chamber test and an escape test with exposures to different cadmium concentrations of up to 800 mg kg-1 dry LUFA 2.2 soil for 2, 4, and 6 days, and up to 7 weeks. With the two-chamber method, the oribatid mites had the choice between clean and polluted soils, whereas they were allowed to escape from a box with polluted soil to clean containers without soil with the escape method. Avoidance of cadmium was observed after 2 days in both tests and the net response of the mites in the two-chamber test increased with increasing cadmium exposure concentrations. Mite responses varied through time, especially with the escape method; with the avoidance behavior becoming more variable and overall non-significant with longer test durations. This is the first study investigating the escape test simultaneously with long-term avoidance of cadmium by O. nitens. This mite species is a promising species for avoidance testing in soil ecotoxicology, but more experiments are needed to evaluate the factors that influence its responses in laboratory tests and the consequences for its distribution in contaminated ecosystems.Some studies have subtly demonstrated the existence of a tension of ambivalence in women's subjective feelings while wearing makeup. This paper consists in analyzing how feelings of ambivalence towards cosmetics appear in women, and how women feel when they remove or put on cosmetics. The study consists of an online survey and a walk-along experience. The survey included 261 women, among these 229 cosmetics users and 32 non-users. It used the double-blank method while asking the participants to express their feelings about various situations evoking their facial appearance, such as looking at their face when being in front of the mirror. A multiple case analysis of four selected survey respondents has also been done in order to compare 2 regular users and 2 non-users in regard to their way of dealing with tension. The walk-along experience included interviews and observations in the following conditions according to the groups 1. Removing makeup (for regular users) / wearing makeup (for non-regular users) in al flaws such as acne spots.Obesity is associated with the development and progression of multiple cardiovascular risk factors, such as hypertension, dyslipidemia, and type 2 diabetes mellitus, and is an important contributor to the global burden of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (CVD). Guidelines suggest that clinicians provide lifestyle counseling and promote lifestyle modifications before considering weight-loss surgery. However, despite lifestyle modifications and increased physical activity, most patients with obesity will not lose significant weight or will experience weight regain. Weight-loss pharmacotherapy added to lifestyle modification has long been perceived as a bridge between lifestyle modifications alone and weight-loss surgery. However, since its inception, weight-loss pharmacotherapy has been plagued by variable efficacy and concern about cardiovascular safety. Following requirements from regulatory authorities, efficacy and cardiovascular safety trials have been conducted for the currently available weight-loss pharmacotherapeutic agents. Overall, these trials have shown that weight-loss pharmacotherapy is only modestly efficient for the inducement of weight loss. Recent trials have also demonstrated the cardiovascular safety of some of these agents. We review these trials with a focus on the clinical impact of these weight-loss pharmacotherapeutic agents in patients with atherosclerotic CVD.Cleft lip and palate are the most common congenital abnormalities that occur early in pregnancy. Cytarabin The majority of cranial mesenchyme is derived from cranial neural crest cells that differentiate into odontoblasts, cartilage, craniofacial bone, and connective tissue. A subset of these cells differentiates into cranial ganglia. We have previously reported an induction protocol of cranial neural crest cell-like cells from human pluripotent stem cells. This study tested detection of the cytotoxic sensitivities of dental materials, including titanium ions, palladium ions, and hydroxyethyl methacrylate, on the cell viability of induced cranial neural crest cell-like cells (iNC-LCs) derived from Tic human induced pluripotent stem cell (hiPSC) line. Further, the sensitivity was compared with those of human fetal lung fibroblastic cell line MRC-5, which is origin of Tic hiPSC, and osteoblastic cell line MC3T3-E1 which was derived from mouse calvaria. The results suggested that this cell-based assay system using iNC-LCs is a potential method for in vitro screening as an alternative to animal testing to predict toxic effects of dental materials on early craniofacial development.