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Bovine lactoferrin (bLf), a component of milk and a dietary supplement, modulates intestinal immunity at effector and inductor sites. Considering the regional difference in intestinal compartments and the dynamics of local cytokine-producing cells in the gut across time, the aim of this work was to characterize the effects of bLf on the proximal small intestine in a BALB/c murine model of oral administration. Male BALB/c mice were treated with oral bLf vs. saline control as mock by buccal deposition for 28 days. Intestinal secretions were obtained at different time points and cells were isolated from Peyer's patches (PP) and lamina propria (LP) of the proximal small intestine as representative inductor and effector sites, respectively. Total and specific anti-bLF IgA and IgM were determined by enzyme-immuno assay; the percentages of IgA+ and IgM+ plasma cells (PC) and cytokine-producing CD4+ T cells of PP and LP were analyzed by flow cytometry. We found that total and bLf-specific IgA and IgM levels were incrulatory effects of oral bLf in immunological sites as dynamic as the proximal small intestine.

Vitamin A (VA) plays critical roles in prenatal and postnatal development; however, limited information is available regarding maternal VA metabolism during pregnancy and lactation.

We investigated the impact of pregnancy and lactation on VA metabolism and kinetics in rats, hypothesizing that changes in physiological status would naturally perturb whole-body VA kinetics.

Eight-week old female rats (

= 10) fed an AIN-93G diet received an oral tracer dose of

H-labeled retinol to initiate the kinetic study. On d 21 after dosing, six female rats were mated. Serial blood samples were collected from each female rat at selected times after dose administration until d 14 of lactation. Model-based compartmental analysis was applied to the plasma tracer data to develop VA kinetic models.

Our compartmental model revealed that pregnancy resulted in a gradual increase in hepatic VA mobilization, presumably to support different stages of fetal development. Additionally, the model indicates that during lactation, VA derived from dietary intake was the primary source of VA delivered to the mammary gland for milk VA secretion.

During pregnancy and lactation in rats with an adequate VA intake and previous VA storage, the internal redistribution of VA and increased uptake from diet supported the maintenance of VA homeostasis.

During pregnancy and lactation in rats with an adequate VA intake and previous VA storage, the internal redistribution of VA and increased uptake from diet supported the maintenance of VA homeostasis.White blood cell (WBC) counts represent overall immunity. However, a few studies have been conducted to explore the genetic impacts of immunity and their interaction with lifestyles. We aimed to identify genetic variants associated with a low-WBC risk and document interactions between polygenetic risk scores (PRS), lifestyle factors, and nutrient intakes that influence low-WBC risk in a large hospital-based cohort. Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) were selected by genome-wide association study of participants with a low-WBC count ( less then 4 × 109/L, n = 4176; low-WBC group) or with a normal WBC count (≥4 × 109/L, n = 36,551; control group). The best model for gene-gene interactions was selected by generalized multifactor dimensionality reduction. PRS was generated by summing selected SNP risk alleles of the best genetic model. Adjusted odds ratio (ORs) of the low-WBC group were 1.467 (1.219-1.765) for cancer incidence risk and 0.458 (0.385-0.545) for metabolic syndrome risk. Vitamin D intake, plant-based diet, and regular exercise were positively related to the low-WBC group, but smoking and alcohol intake showed an inverse association. The 7 SNPs included in the best genetic model were PSMD3_rs9898547, LCT_rs80157389, HLA-DRB1_rs532162239 and rs3097649, HLA-C rs2308575, CDKN1A_rs3176337 and THRA_rs7502539. PRS with 7 SNP model were positively associated with the low-WBC risk by 2.123-fold (1.741 to 2.589). PRS interacted with fat intake and regular exercise but not with other nutrient intakes or lifestyles. The proportion with the low WBC in the participants with high-PRS was lower among those with moderate-fat intake and regular exercise than those with low-fat intake and no exercise. In conclusion, adults with high-PRS had a higher risk of a low WBC count, and they needed to be advised to have moderate fat intake (20-25 energy percent) and regular exercise.

While consent exists, that nutritional status has prognostic impact in the critically ill, the optimal feeding strategy has been a matter of debate.

Narrative review of the recent evidence and international guideline recommendations focusing on basic principles of nutrition in the ICU and the treatment of specific patient groups. Covered topics are the importance and diagnosis of malnutrition in the ICU, the optimal timing and route of nutrition, energy and protein requirements, the supplementation of specific nutrients, as well as monitoring and complications of a Medical Nutrition Therapy (MNT). Furthermore, this review summarizes the available evidence to optimize the MNT of patients grouped by primarily affected organ system.

Due to the considerable heterogeneity of the critically ill, MNT should be carefully adapted to the individual patient with special focus on phase of critical illness, metabolic tolerance, leading symptoms, and comorbidities.

MNT in the ICU is complex and requiring an interdisciplinary approach and frequent reevaluation. learn more The impact of personalized and disease-specific MNT on patient-centered clinical outcomes remains to be elucidated.

MNT in the ICU is complex and requiring an interdisciplinary approach and frequent reevaluation. The impact of personalized and disease-specific MNT on patient-centered clinical outcomes remains to be elucidated.The Portfolio Diet, a plant-based portfolio of cholesterol-lowering foods, has been shown to reduce low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and other cardiovascular risk factors, in randomized controlled trials (RCTs). It is not known if these beneficial effects translate to a lower incidence cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk. To support examinations between Portfolio Diet adherence and disease, a Portfolio Diet score (PDS) was developed and its predictive and concurrent validity was assessed within the Toronto Healthy Diet Study, a six-month RCT in overweight adults. Predictive validity was assessed using change in the PDS measured by food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) and concomitant change in LDL-C from baseline to six months using multiple linear regression, adjusted for potential confounders (n = 652). Concurrent validity was assessed in a subset of participants (n = 50) who completed the FFQ and a 7-day diet record (7DDR) at baseline. The PDS determined from each diet assessment method was used to derive correlation coefficients and Bland-Altman plots to assess the between-method agreement. The change in PDS was inversely associated with change in LDL-C (β coefficients -0.01 mmol/L (95% confidence intervals (CIs) -0.02, -0.002; p =0.02). The correlation between the PDS from the FFQ and 7DDR was 0.69 (95% CIs 0.48, 0.85). The Bland-Altman plot showed reasonable agreement between the score from the FFQ and 7DDR. These findings indicate predictive validity of the PDS with lower LDL-C, and reasonable concurrent validity of the PDS as assessed by an FFQ against a 7DDR.The purpose of this study was to compare changes in bone mineral density (BMD) over a 6 month follow up (period of weight regain) in overweight, postmenopausal women having previously completed a 6 month weight loss (WL) intervention with and without aerobic exercise (AEX). Women (BMI > 25 kg/m2) underwent VO2max and DEXA scans at baseline, after 6 months of WL or AEX + WL, and at 12 months ad libitum follow up. Both groups lost ~9% body weight from 0 to 6 months and regained ~2% from 6 to 12 months, while losing ~4% of appendicular lean mass (ALM) across the 12-month study duration. VO2max increased 10% from 0 to 6 months and declined 12% from 6 to 12 months for AEX + WL, with no changes for WL. Total body (p less then 0.01) and total femur (p = 0.03) BMD decreased similar between groups across time (combined groups 0-6 months total body -1.2% and total femur -1.2%; 6-12 months total body -0.26% and total femur -0.09%). Less ALM loss and greater VO2max increases during the WL phase were associated with attenuated BMD loss at various anatomical sites during periods of weight regain (6-12 months) p's less then 0.05). Results suggest that BMD loss may continue following WL, despite weight regain. Further, this study adds to the literature by suggesting that preventing declines in muscle quality and function during WL may attenuate the loss of BMD during weight regain. Future studies are needed to identify mechanisms underlying WL-induced bone loss so that effective practices can be designed to minimize the loss of BMD during WL and weight maintenance in older women.

Although malnutrition and bone fracture are both major complications in patients undergoing hemodialysis, their association has not been clarified. The aim of our study was to clarify the association between the geriatric nutritional risk index (

), an indicator of nutritional status, and the incidence of bone fractures in patients undergoing hemodialysis.

We included 1342 registered patients undergoing hemodialysis and performed a post hoc analysis. We divided patients into the high

group (≥92), considered to have a low risk of malnutrition, and the low

group (<92), considered to have a high risk of malnutrition. Fracture-free survival in the low and high

groups was evaluated by the Kaplan-Meier method. Cox proportional hazards models were used to identify the risk factors for fractures requiring hospitalization. All results were stratified by sex.

New bone fractures developed in 108 (8.0%) patients in 5 years of follow-up. Bone fractures occurred more frequently in the low

group compared with the high

group (HR 3.51, 95% CI 1.91-6.42,

< 0.01 in males; HR 2.47, 95% CI 1.52-4.03,

< 0.01 in females). A low

was significantly associated with an increased incidence of bone fractures, even after adjustment for covariates. However, the serum levels of calcium, phosphate, parathyroid hormone, and alkaline phosphatase were not associated with the incidence of bone fractures.

A low

is an independent risk factor for bone fractures in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Early intervention for the low

group may be important in preventing the occurrence of fractures.

A low GNRI is an independent risk factor for bone fractures in patients undergoing hemodialysis. Early intervention for the low GNRI group may be important in preventing the occurrence of fractures.Evidence for effective government policies to reduce exposure to alcohol's carcinogenic and hepatoxic effects has strengthened in recent decades. Policies with the strongest evidence involve reducing the affordability, availability and cultural acceptability of alcohol. However, policies that reduce population consumption compete with powerful commercial vested interests. This paper draws on the Canadian Alcohol Policy Evaluation (CAPE), a formal assessment of effective government action on alcohol across Canadian jurisdictions. It also draws on alcohol policy case studies elsewhere involving attempts to introduce minimum unit pricing and cancer warning labels on alcohol containers. Canadian governments collectively received a failing grade (F) for alcohol policy implementation during the most recent CAPE assessment in 2017. However, had the best practices observed in any one jurisdiction been implemented consistently, Canada would have received an A grade. Resistance to effective alcohol policies is due to (1) lack of public awareness of both need and effectiveness, (2) a lack of government regulatory mechanisms to implement effective policies, (3) alcohol industry lobbying, and (4) a failure from the public health community to promote specific and feasible actions as opposed to general principles, e.