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Thus, other routes of administration for allergen-specific immunotherapy such as topical, sublingual and intranasal have been explored in the research and industrial fields. Nevertheless, it has been observed that few studies are using these alternative administration routes, probably due to the higher cost and lack of investments. The delivery systems are also other tools that can be more explored in the allergen immunotherapy formulations. The effectiveness, safety and acceptance of this therapy depends on the development of new formulations and routes of administration.Nanocarriers are nanostructured vehicles employed to deliver anticancer drugs to the targeted tumor sites in the body. Nanocarriers have been successfully employed to circumvent certain limitations of conventional anticancer drug delivery while providing greater bioavailability, prolonged circulation time and higher tumor accumulation for enhanced therapeutic outcomes in cancer treatment. Nanocarriers are also responsive to functionalization to tailor their pharmaco-kinetics and achieve enhanced therapeutic outcomes in cancer therapy. Among organic, inorganic and hybrid type, several nanocarriers have gained approval for use in cancer patients, while many more are under clinical development. For the last two decades, cancer immunotherapy-based advanced targeting approaches such as monoclonal antibodies, antibody drug conjugates and immune checkpoint inhibitors that utilize human immune system functions have vastly developed which furnish better treatment options in several intractable cancers compared with traditional cancer therapies. This review discusses the imperative role of tumor vasculature in passive and active targeting of anticancer drugs using organic and inorganic nanocarriers and the current research efforts underway. The advanced targeting approaches for treatment of various cancers and their most recent clinical development scenario have been comprehensively explored. Further, potential challenges associated with each type of nanocarrier, and their translational obstacles are addressed.Oral cancer is the 11th most common cancer in the world with a high morbidity rate. Various conventional therapies have been used for the treatment of oral cancer such as surgery, radiotherapy, and chemotherapy used either alone or in combination but these have many limitations, making them unsuitable for treating oral cancer. Nanotechnology has been emerged out as an innovative tool in the field of oral cancer which has proved to provide effective results overcoming the limitations of conventional drug therapies. This system involves a nanoparticle drug delivery system based on a targeted therapy in which therapeutic drugs or agents act on the targeted cells without affecting normal healthy cells. Literature has shown that several nanoparticles, organic and inorganic nanoparticles, have been used as the drug delivery system in different types of oral cancers such as oral squamous cell carcinoma, cancer of the tongue, head, and neck cancers. Drugs like cisplatin, 5-fluorouracil, methotrexate, doxorubicin, etc., when coated with nano-polymers have shown better results compared with conventional drugs in oral cancer. Other nanoparticles such as liposomes, hydrogels, nanodiamonds, carbon rods, etc. have also been used with minimal side effects. This paper aims to review and discuss various nanotechnology systems in the field of oral cancer and to evaluate the efficacy of these systems in treating oral cancer compared with conventional drug delivery methods.Phellinus igniarius has been widely used as traditional herbal medicine in China, Korea, Japan, and other Asian countries for centuries. To gain a molecular understanding of this fungus, Illumina high-throughput technology was used to sequence and analyze the transcriptome of Ph. igniarius, and 11,847 unigenes were obtained. Additionally, based on similarity search with known proteins, unigenes were annotated with gene descriptions, gene ontology (GO), and clusters of orthologous groups (COG). Based on the GO annotation, a total of 6983 unigenes could be assigned to one or more terms, which were categorized into 39 functional groups under three main divisions (biological process, cellular component and molecular function). A total of 2315 Ph. igniarius unigenes were associated with 124 unique Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathways. A total of 832 simple sequence repeats were identified in these unigenes. In addition, nine candidate genes involved in laccases were discovered, 17 candidate genes involved in the biosynthesis of triterpenoid were identified and were worthy for further investigation. This is the first study to conduct transcriptome analyses on Ph. igniarius, which lays a basis for further functional genomics studies of Ph. igniarius.The lack of information on the chemistry of higher fungi in Paraguay and the search for new sources of secondary metabolites motivated this chemical study of four wild species of the Ganodermataceae family and the comparison with a commercial species cultivated under laboratory conditions. Qualitative identification of secondary metabolites as well as a quantification of phenolic compounds content and antioxidant potential of ethanolic extracts was carried out of four wild species Cristataspora flavipora, two specimens of different phylogenetic clades of Ganoderma australe (clade 1 and clade 2), G. martinicense, G. multicornum, and a strain of G. MV1035 cost sessile E47. Qualitative chemical analysis revealed the presence of alkaloids, phenolic compounds, sterols and terpenes. Significant variations were noted in metabolite content and antioxidant potential throughout the studied species. The best biological profiles found were of G. australe clade 1, with a concentration of 96.7 ± 0.362 mg gallic acid equivalents (GAE) g-1, an antioxidant compound (AC) content of 139.25 ± 0.32 mg g-1 ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE), and an activity percentage of 96.87%, and G. australe clade 2, with a concentration of 92.6 ± 0,350 mg GAE g-1, an AC content of 153.62 ± 3.36 mg g-1 AAE, and an activity percentage of 95.23%.A comparative study was carried out on the chemical composition and nutritional value of six cultivated Lentinula edodes strains that are widely appreciated in China. The results demonstrated that all investigated L. edodes were good sources of protein (14.87%-27.13%), carbohydrates (62.03%-75.56%), and dietary fiber (35.88%-42.49%) and had low ash (5.24%-6.38%) and low fat (0.80%-1.70%) content. There were significant differences among different cultivars. Shenxiang 215 had high crude protein and dietary fiber contents. Potassium was the most abundant mineral element, followed by phosphorus. Different cultivars exhibited distinct fatty acid compositions and free amino acid profiles. Shenxiang 215 had high essential amino acid content. Polyunsaturated fatty acids were predominant in cultivars 0912, Huxiang F4, and Huxiang F2; however, monounsaturated fatty acids were predominant in other strains. Cultivar 0912 had a better mineral and polyunsaturated fatty acid profile. The amino acid profile and protein quality were systematically investigated referring to the latest version of international amino acid reference patterns, including the amino acid score, ratio coefficient of amino acid, ratio coefficient score of amino acid, essential amino acid index, and protein digestibility - corrected amino acid score. The results demonstrated that Shenxiang 18 had better protein quality. These findings provide a reference for breeders to select parents for directional quality breeding.The present study aimed to evaluate the nutritional composition and production of mycelial biomass of Pleurotus eryngii in different culture media, formulated with infusion of purple-skinned sweet potato, glucose concentrations, and the presence or absence of yeast extract. The mushroom was grown for 15 days at 25°C and 150 rpm. The best production of mycelial biomass occurred in the culture medium with 40 g/L of glucose plus yeast extract. At the second cultivation, the fungus entered the exponential growth phase from days 6 until 14. These results indicate that the insertion of nutritional sources in purple-skinned sweet potato media positively influences mycelial biomass production and its nutritional characteristics make it useful for food industry applications.Continuous monoculture can increase plant morbidity and reduce crop yields. However, the Ganoderma lucidum mushroom possesses unique nutrient acquisition methods and displays an altered response to the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). The effects of continuous cropping on G. lucidum remain unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of consecutive monoculture soil on the yield, bioactive components, antioxidant properties, nutrient metabolism, and enzyme activity of G. lucidum. The results showed no significant differences in terms of yield between the control check and treatment groups after 2 years. However, the content of polysaccharides and triterpenoids after 2 years of treatment and the content of total phenols and flavonoids after 3 years of treatment significantly increased. Moreover, the antioxidant activity (AOA) of the polysaccharides under consecutive monoculture soil treatments also significantly increased. These differences were caused by changes in nutrient metabolism and the activities of antioxidant and ligninolytic enzymes. Under continuous monoculture soil treatment, the content of reducing sugars, water-soluble sugars, free amino acids, and water-soluble proteins significantly increased. The activities of superoxide dismutase, manganese peroxidase, and lignin peroxidase increased with the time of continuous monoculture, while the activities of peroxidase, catalase, and laccase decreased. The increase in ligninolytic enzymes was postulated to mediate the ROS scavenging ability of G. lucidum. In conclusion, continuous cropping soil could increase the levels of bioactive components and AOAs of G. lucidum.This research describes the investigation of submerged cultivated mycelial biomass and hot water extracts prepared from different combinations and ratios of medicinal mushroom (MM) dry powders, comprising various biologically active compounds/secondary metabolites. In particular, it was evaluated the proximate composition (moisture, ash, crude protein, fat, total carbohydrates, and total energy), γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and ergothioneine (ERG), amino acid content of mycelia of 16 higher Basidiomycetes MM species. The results obtained demonstrate that almost all tested combinations were found to be good sources of polysaccharides, with content varying in the ranges of 4.73 ± 1.33% and 58.46 ± 4.15%. Total protein contents varied in 1.97 ± 0.40% - 5.37 ± 0.40% range. ERG was detected in all tested samples, while GABA existed only in eight samples out of 15 and varied from 0.03 ± less then 0.01 to 0.61 ± 0.03 mg/g, and from 0.16 ± 0.03 to 5.69 ± 0.41 mg/g respectively. Analyses of total phenolic and flavonoid contents demonstrate considerable content in all samples (15.53 ± 0.23 - 18.88 ± 0.34 mg gallic acid equivalents/g and 1.23 ± 0.04 - 4.34 ± 0.73 mg rutin equivalents/g respectively). In present research the complexity of samples/extracts were evaluated by multiple antioxidant assays to verify their antioxidant capacity. Determination of in vitro antioxidant activity was successfully carried out by several different methods such as 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl scavenging activity, reducing power, chelating ability, hydroxyl radical scavenging activity, and 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothi-azoline-6-sulfonic acid scavenging activity. Therefore, all tested samples confirm the capable antioxidant activities of bioactive compounds extracted from MMs.