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PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Damage to hyaline cartilage represents a serious problem due to its limited capacity of regeneration. Currently, there are several treatment options available. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the success rate of treatment of chondral and osteochondral defects of the knee joint using the modified AMIC (Autologous Matrix-Induced Chondrogenesis) technique, combining microfractures of the base and the implantation of the type I collagen-based cell-free implant over a two-year period. MATERIAL AND METHODS The prospective study of the success rate of treatment by the modified AMIC technique included 15 patients (13 men and 2 women) with a defect confirmed by MRI and appropriate indication criteria. The mean age at the time of implantation was 33.4 years (range 19-47 years). The mean size of a treated defect was 3.66 ± 1.71 cm2 (range 2.00-7.05 cm2). The clinical outcomes were monitored through the Knee Injury and Osteoarthritis Outcome Score (KOOS), the Lysholm score and the Tegner actwith the results obtained by other authors using both the original method and the modified AMIC technique. CONCLUSIONS The modified AMIC technique using the cell-free type I collagen-based implant appears to be a safe, accessible and onestage technique to treat localised chondral and osteochondral defects of the knee joint up to the size of 8 cm2. Key words hyaline cartilage, chondral defect, AMIC, scaffold, knee.PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Fractures of the scapula are less frequent, with the incidence reported in literature of approximately 1% of all fractures and 3-5% fractures of shoulder. These fractures are predominantly treated non-operatively. #link# Osteosynthesis is indicated in displaced intra-articular fractures and severely displaced extra-articular fractures of the scapular body, its lateral border in particular. Apart from open reposition and osteosynthesis, also minimally invasive osteosynthesis under fluoroscopic and arthroscopic control has recently been used to treat intra-articular fractures of the scapula. ML 210 clinical trial facilitates debridement of the fracture line in the intra-articular region and control over the insertion of the osteosynthesis material in the subchondral bone of the glenoid and it also makes visible the accuracy of reduction of fractures of the glenoid articular surface. MATERIAL AND METHODS In 2013-2017, osteosyntheses of 9 intra-articular fractures of the scapula were performed with the usitates a more accurate reduction of fragments and a minimally invasive osteosynthesis of some intra-articular fractures of the scapula when compared to closed reduction with fluoroscopic intraoperative control only. The use of arthroscopy in these interventions is conditional on perfect mastering of the surgical technique and also the use of special instruments both for arthroscopy and minimally invasive osteosynthesis. If these criteria are observed and the surgical technique mastered, the authors consider this method beneficial in treating the glenoid fractures. Key words minimally invasive osteosynthesis, glenoid fractures.PURPOSE OF THE STUDY Rib fractures represent one of the most common fractures sustained by 10-40% of all patients with blunt chest trauma, their incidence increases with age. In the current literature, however, new indication criteria continue to emerge. The purpose of this study is to assess the indication criteria, the timing of surgery and the use of individual plates in dependence on fracture location in our patients after the chest wall stabilisation in a retrospective analysis. MATERIAL AND METHODS Our group of patients (n = 349) included the patients who were hospitalised in the Trauma Centre of the University Hospital Olomouc from 1 January 2015 to 31 January 2019, of whom 16 patients were indicated for a surgery. In case of polytrauma, spiral CT was performed, while all patients with a more serious wall chest trauma underwent 3D CT chest wall reconstruction. The surgical approach was chosen based on the fracture location, most frequently posterolateral thoracotomy was opted for. The type of plates wat was 2 days. CONCLUSIONS Prevailing majority of patients with a blunt chest trauma with rib fractures is still treated non-operatively, which is confirmed also by our group of patients. Nonetheless, correctly and early indicated stabilisation of the chest wall based on accurate indication criteria is of a great benefit to the patients. The aim of each and every trauma centre should be to develop a standardised protocol for the management of blunt chest trauma (the so-called "rib fracture protocol"), which comprises precisely defined criteria for patient admission, multimodal analgesia, indications for surgery, comprehensive perioperative and postoperative care and a subsequent rehabilitation of patients. Key words rib fracture protocol, chest wall stabilisation, flail chest.INTRODUCTION The purpose of our study was to evaluate the clinical outcomes in patients at 3-6 years follow-up after primary implantation of RM Pressfit Vitamys cementless elastic cup and cementless Optimys short stem, including bone tissue remodelling around both the components. MATERIAL AND METHODS The evaluation covered 49 joint replacements in patients who had undergone surgery at our department between 2012 and 2015. link2 The age at the time of primary surgery ranged from 29 to 71 years, with the mean value of 59.2 years. Postoperatively, the position of endoprosthesis, changes in femoroacetabular offset, signs of osseointegration of the implant, bone tissue remodelling around both the components and potential signs of aseptic loosening were assessed. The functional status of the joint was evaluated according to the Harris scale. RESULTS The mean follow-up time of Vitamys cup and Optimys stem was 5.6 years and 4.6 years, respectively. We focused on the combination of RM Pressfit Vitamys (49x), Optimys (28x) a surfaces and physiological remodelling of adjacent bone tissue are the main factors that help prolong the survivorship of both the components, while also securing more favourable conditions and better outcomes in case of necessity of reimplantation. Key words cementless elastic cup, short cementless stem, femoroacetabular offset, stress shielding, osseointegration of the implant.

Prostate cancer is the most common cancer among men in the UK. Prostate-specific antigen testing followed by biopsy leads to overdetection, overtreatment as well as undertreatment of the disease. Evidence of treatment effectiveness has lacked because of the paucity of randomised controlled trials comparing conventional treatments.

To evaluate the effectiveness of conventional treatments for localised prostate cancer (active monitoring, radical prostatectomy and radical radiotherapy) in men aged 50-69 years.

A prospective, multicentre prostate-specific antigen testing programme followed by a randomised trial of treatment, with a comprehensive cohort follow-up.

Prostate-specific antigen testing in primary care and treatment in nine urology departments in the UK.

Between 2001 and 2009, 228,966 men aged 50-69 years received an invitation to attend an appointment for information about the Prostate testing for cancer and Treatment (ProtecT) study and a prostate-specific antigen test; 82,429 men were teste and will be published in full in Health Technology Assessment; Vol. 24, No. 37. See the National Institute for Health Research Journals Library website for further project information.Inhibitions of immune checkpoints, including programmed cell death 1-programmed cell death-ligand 1 (PD-1-PD-L1) axis, cytotoxic T lymphocyte associated antigen-4, are at the forefront of immunotherapy for small cell lung cancer. However, the survival benefits emerged after three to six months since therapy initiation. A growing body of evidence suggested that the current biomarkers were not consistent and convincing. link3 Here, we review the current biomarkers including PD-L1, tumor mutation burden, DNA damage response pathway. Furthermore, we elucidate the potential biomarkers, such as tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes, circulating tumor cells.
.In recent years, lung cancer has become the leading cause of cancer-related deaths. There is increasing evidence that many lipids and lipid analogs are key regulators of tumorigenesis, and factors that affect blood lipid levels such as smoking, diet, and obesity may be associated with cancer risk. With the deepening of research on the relationship between lipids and tumorigenesis, exploring the correlation between blood lipids and lung cancer risk and prognosis has become a research hotspot. This article reviews the research progress of the relationship between blood lipid levels and the risk of lung cancer, blood lipid levels and the prognosis of lung cancer patients, and the adjustment of blood lipid drugs and the prevention and treatment of lung cancer.
.Brain metastasis (BM) is a common complication in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC), which associates with poor prognosis. Recently, immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) has revolutionized the treatment of tumors. Programmed death-1 (PD-1)/programmed death ligand 1 (PD-L1) inhibitors could produce antitumor effect by activating the autoimmune system. The immunotherapy has already show to have a promising outcome for NSCLC patients with BM, while its specific curative effect and the most ideal mode of the treatment remain to be explored. Here we reviewed the tumor microenvironment (TME) in BM lesions and summarized the role of PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors in cerebral and its current status in clinical studies.
.With the popularity of computed tomography (CT) scan in recent years, early stage lung cancer has been discovered in large numbers of patients and pulmonary segmentectomy has been widely used clinically. Identification of the intersegmental plane is one of the key steps in pulmonary segmentectomy, and current methods for identifying the intersegmental plane are numerous and have their own advantages and disadvantages. We will review relevant methods to help the clinical practice.
.Lung cancer has the highest mortality rate in the world. The first- and second-generation epidermal growth factor receptor-tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKIs) greatly improve the survival time and quality of life of patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) to some extent. However, after a period of progression-free survival, most patients develop drug resistance, in which T790M mutation is the mainly resistance mechanism. The third-generation EGFR-TKIs, represented by osimertinib, are found to have significant effect on this resistance. The effect is remarkable, but drug resistance is still inevitable. For example, C797S mutation, mesenchymal-epithelial transition (MET), RAS mutation, BRAF mutation, transformation of small cell lung cancer (SCLC), transformation of epithelial mesenchymal transition (EMT), etc. But, there is no standard and effective treatment after the third-generation EGFR-TKIs resistance. In this view, we summarize the research progress in the new generation EGFR-TKIs after third-generation, in order to provide some reference for the follow-up research and treatment.
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