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Such a mismatch might contribute to the decline of the smelt population in Lake IJsselmeer and Lake Markermeer. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Dopamine (DA) can protect the duodenal mucosa. AMG510 The aim of the present study was to investigate the source of DA in gastric juice and the mechanism underlying the effects of luminal DA on duodenal bicarbonate secretion (DBS) in rodents. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Immunofluorescence, UPLC-MS/MS, gastric incubation and perfusion were used to detect gastric-derived DA. Immunofluorescence and RT-PCR were used to examine the expression of DA receptors (DARs) in the duodenal mucosa. Real-time pH titration and pHi measurement were performed to investigate DBS. KEY RESULTS H+ -K+ -ATPase was co-localized with tyrosine hydroxylase and DA transporters in gastric parietal cells. DA was increased in in vivo gastric perfusate after intravenous infusion of histamine and in in vitro gastric mucosa incubated with bethanechol chloride or tyrosine. D2 R was the most abundant DAR in rat duodenum and mainly distributed on the apical membrane of epithelial cells. Luminal DA increased DBS in a concentration-dependent manner, which was mimicked by D2 R agonist quinpirole and inhibited by D2 R antagonist L741,626, in vivo D2 R siRNA and in D2 R-/- mice. DA and quinpirole enhanced the duodenal enterocyte pHi . Quinpirole-evoked DBS and PI3K/Akt activity were significantly inhibited by calcium chelator BAPTA-AM or in D2 R-/- mice. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS DA in the gastric juice is derived from parietal cells and is secreted along with gastric acid. When it arrives at the duodenal lumen, DA increases DBS via an apical D2 R- and calcium-dependent pathway. The present study provides novel insight into the protective effects of DA on the duodenal mucosa. This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.Aortic dissection (AD) is a heterogeneous genetic disease with high morbidity and mortality. Although many genes predispose patients to AD, the pathogenic spectrum remains incomplete. This study aims to (a) investigate whether genotype differences exist between Stanford A and B AD individuals, and (b) broaden the pathogenic genetic spectrum of AD and reported novel variants of AD-associated genes. The DNA of 72 unrelated Han Chinese individuals with AD was tested by whole-exome sequencing. Of 142 AD-associated genes, 10 pathogenic variants, and 48 likely pathogenic variants in 36 genes were identified among 39 cases. The diagnostic yield was 54.2%. Of the 58 positive variants, 27 were novel. FBN1 was the most frequently positive gene in both Stanford A and Stanford B. Twenty-seven positive variants from 18 COL family genes were distributed in 36.8% of Stanford A and 6.7% of Stanford B cases. We emphasize that positive variants of COL family genes show distribution predominance and strong pathogenicity in Stanford A, while positive variants of smooth muscle cell pathway genes present distribution advantages mainly in Stanford B cases. Our findings provide a new perspective for both the pathogenic mechanism and the treatment of AD. © 2020 John Wiley & Sons A/S. Published by John Wiley & Sons Ltd.Not required for Clinical Vignette.INTRODUCTION Pituitary adenomas (PAs) also known as pituitary neuroendocrine tumors (PitNET) are usually benign tumors of the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland and account for the third most common intracranial neoplasm. The most common type of pituitary adenoma is lactotroph adenoma, in which dopamine agonists are the first-line treatment. Nevertheless, in selected cases surgery or even radiotherapy may be required. In the current study, we aimed to analyze all patients who underwent surgery due to intrasellar mass in order to evaluate the frequency of particular pituitary tumors, clinical diagnosis, and pathology findings. MATERIAL AND METHODS We retrospectively analyzed all cases of patients consecutively operated due to intrasellar mass between 1st January 2010 and 31st of December 2018 at the Department of Neurosurgery, Military Institute of Medicine in Warsaw in Poland. RESULTS Our database included 2348 of cases 1390 women (59.2%) and 958 men (40.8%). The mean age for women was 48,4 years (SD ± 15.72; median 49) and for men 50,9 (SD ±14.94; median 53). In our cohort we have found 869 NFPAs, 751 somatotroph and mammosomatrotroph adenomas, 386 corticotroph adenomas, 71 plurihormonal adenomas, 59 craniopharyngiomas, 44 lactotroph adenomas, 18 purely thyrotroph adenomas, and other rare cases of pituitary tumors including 1 pituitary carcinoma metastasizing to the liver (corticotroph origin). CONCLUSIONS We provide a comprehensive analysis of both clinical and pathological findings of the largest cohort of patients operated on for pituitary adenomas in one tertiary reference center. To the best of our knowledge, this is the largest up-to-date published analysis in our country.PURPOSE The outcome of medical treatment in patients with Graves' disease (GD) is generally difficult to predict. In this study, we examined the hypothesis that gender may affect the outcome of treatment with antithyroid drugs (ATDs). METHODS This is a retrospective multicenter study including 717 (514 female and 203 male) patients with the first episode of GD treated for at least 12 months. Patients were classified as relapse, poorly controlled (several episodes of hyperthyroidism followed by euthyroidism and rarely hypothyroidism, occurring after titration of ATDs), and remission. RESULTS During the mean follow-up time of 26.75±21.25 months (between 1-120 months), 269 (37.5%), 176 (24.5%), and 272 (37.9%) patients experienced a relapse, a poorly controlled disease, and remained in remission, respectively. During the follow-up time, 223 (43.4%) of the female and only 49 (24%) of the male patients remained in remission. Relapse and poorly controlled disease (non-remitting GD) ensued more common in male compared to female patients with GD (hazard ratio 1.26, 95% CI 1.03 - 1.53, P = 0.025). GD in male patients tended to relapse earlier and male patients tended to have larger goiter sizes at diagnosis as well. The smoking habit was also significantly more frequent in males compared to female patients with GD. CONCLUSION Male patients with GD have a markedly higher frequency of relapse and poorly controlled disease, as compared to female patients. Larger goiter size and higher frequency of smoking may contribute to the higher frequency of relapse and poorly controlled disease in male patients.