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5 ± 8.5) significantly improved at 1 year (mean, 25.9 ± 8.0;

= 0.0001). There was no significant difference between the 3-month and 1-year total (

= 0.972), ADLMS (

= 0.897), and EWB scores (

= 0.700). There was a significant correlation between minutes used and improvement in total (r = 0.371;

= 0.009), ADLMS (r = 0.302;

= 0.035), and EWB (r = 0.439;

= 0.002) scores.

Aira use significantly improves Impact of Vision Impairment-Very Low Vision total, ADLMS, and EWB scores for SVI individuals at 3 months. This improvement is sustained at the 1-year follow-up and correlated with total minutes used.

Aira technology may provide sustained improvement in quality of life for SVI, and further study to evaluate the usefulness of this technology to assist SVI may be beneficial.

Aira technology may provide sustained improvement in quality of life for SVI, and further study to evaluate the usefulness of this technology to assist SVI may be beneficial.

To assess the pharmacokinetic (PK)/pharmacodynamic (PD) relationship following intracameral Bimatoprost sustained-release (SR) implants (8, 15, 30, and 60 µg) in dogs to determine the optimal investigative dose in humans.

Forty-four male normotensive beagle dogs were assigned to 1 of 8 groups receiving 8-, 15-, 30-, and 60-µg implants (PD assessment [n = 8/group, 4 groups]; PK assessment [n = 3/group, 4 groups]). Intraocular pressure (IOP) in PD animals and aqueous humor/blood concentrations of bimatoprost and its acid in PK animals were assessed. PK/PD correlation analysis was performed using steady-state data. Residual implants were recovered to assess polymer degradation.

Dose-dependent IOP lowering was observed for all dose groups for at least 3 months postdose. AG-1478 research buy Blood concentrations of bimatoprost and bimatoprost acid were below the limit of quantification (<0.25 ng/mL), whereas dose-dependent concentration-time profiles were observed in the aqueous humor. At steady state, observed and predicted correlation between aqueous humor drug concentration and IOP lowering was similar and translatable to findings in humans following topical bimatoprost eyedrop administration. Implants at all doses were well tolerated and polymer degradation was apparent.

Dose-dependent IOP lowering with Bimatoprost SR was maintained for at least 3 months in dogs, and the implants were well tolerated. The established PK/PD relationship appears to translate to humans. Doses between 8 and 15 µg appear to provide the best benefit/risk profile for clinical development of the implants.

The close PK/PD relationship between dog and human helps inform which bimatoprost dose should be investigated in clinical studies.

The close PK/PD relationship between dog and human helps inform which bimatoprost dose should be investigated in clinical studies.

Dynamic assessment of retinal vascular characteristics can aid in identifying glaucoma-specific biomarkers. More specifically, a loss of spontaneous retinal venous pulsations (SVPs) has been reported in glaucoma, but a lack of readily available tools has limited the ability to explore the full potential of SVP analysis in glaucoma assessment. Advancements in smart technology have paved the way for the development of portable, noninvasive, and inexpensive imaging modalities. By combining off-the-shelf optical elements and smart devices, the current study aims to determine whether SVPs can be detected and quantified using a novel tablet-based ophthalmoscope in glaucoma and glaucoma suspects.

Thirty patients, including 21 with confirmed glaucoma (9 men; average age 75 ± 8 years) and 9 glaucoma suspects (5 men; average age 64 ± 9 years), were studied. All patients had intraocular pressure measurements, Humphrey visual field assessment, optical coherence tomography, and a 10-second videoscopy of the retinal circulation. The retinal vasculature recordings (46° field of view at 30 frames per second) were analyzed to extract SVP amplitudes.

SVPs were detected and quantified in 100% of patients with glaucoma and those with suspected glaucoma using the novel device. The average SVP amplitudes in glaucoma and glaucoma suspects were 42.6% ± 10.7% and 34% ± 6.7%, respectively.

Our results suggest that a novel tablet-based ophthalmoscope can aid in documenting and objectively quantifying SVPs in all patients.

Outcomes of this study provide an innovative, portable, noninvasive, and inexpensive solution for objective assessment of SVPs, which may have clinical relevance in glaucoma screening.

Outcomes of this study provide an innovative, portable, noninvasive, and inexpensive solution for objective assessment of SVPs, which may have clinical relevance in glaucoma screening.

To evaluate the mechanical compression of retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) by intraretinal cysts in macular edema and its relief with anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) treatment.

Optical coherence tomography scans were used to measure RNFL thickness and reflectance at seven preselected points at and around the peak of the edema before and after anti-VEGF treatment in 10 patients (11 eyes) with branch retina vein occlusion (BRVO) and diabetic macular edema (DME). Scans through nonedematous retina and from the fellow eyes were taken as controls. Correlations were sought between the changes in retinal and RNFL thickness, RNFL reflectance, and the size of the intraretinal cysts.

Postinjection RNFL thickness decreased significantly only at peak point of the edema (18.1 ± 2.7 vs. 13.8 ± 1.2µm;

= 0.038), at its nasal edge (20.1 ± 2.7 vs. 15.5 ± 1.4µm;

= 0.026), and 500µm away from its nasal border (35.7 ± 6.0 vs. 20.1 ± 2.7µm;

= 0.006) suggesting focal stagnation of the axoplasmic fllly in patients with low axonal reserve.

The main aim was to identify different choroidal patterns in retinitis pigmentosa (RP) and to assess their clinical and anatomical meanings after 1 year of follow-up.

Forty-five patients with RP (29 men; mean age 44.5 ± 11.7 years) and 45 healthy controls (29 men; mean age 44.2 ± 9.8 years) were recruited. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) and OCT angiography (OCTA) images were obtained. By means of structural OCT, the following three choroidal patterns were identified normal-appearing choroid (pattern 1), reduced Haller and Sattler layers (pattern 2), and pattern 2 + choroidal caverns (pattern 3). Main outcome measures were best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), central macular thickness (CMT), choroidal thickness (CT), vessel density, vessel tortuosity, vessel dispersion, vessel rarefaction, and choroidal stromal index (CSI).

Mean BCVA was 0.27 ± 0.30 LogMAR for patients with RP and 0.0 ± 0.0 LogMAR for controls (

< 0.01). CMT, CT, CSI, and OCTA parameters were statistically different between patients with RP and controls (

< 0.01). Choroidal patterns 1, 2, and 3 were identified in 20 (44%), 15 (33%), and 10 (23%) patients with RP, respectively. Several statistically significant correlations were also found. Interestingly, after 1 year of follow-up, only the pattern 3 subgroup showed significant worsening of BCVA, CMT, and OCTA parameters (

< 0.01).

Choroidal patterns were associated with different RP clinical forms as well as with different progression after 1 year.

Choroidal patterns evaluation may provide useful clinical information for patients with RP.

Choroidal patterns evaluation may provide useful clinical information for patients with RP.

A leading cause of blindness worldwide, glaucoma is often caused by elevated intraocular pressure (IOP) due to impaired aqueous humor outflow from the anterior chamber through Schlemm's canal (SC) and the trabecular meshwork. Despite the large clinical burden, glaucoma research and drug development are hindered by a limited selection of preclinical models that accurately recapitulate human disease. Here, we propose that

conditional knockout mice may provide one such model. Angiopoietin/TEK (ANGPT/TEK) signaling is crucial for SC formation and integrity in mice and humans, and mice lacking TEK or its ligand ANGPT1 develop a hypomorphic SC insufficient for normal aqueous humor outflow.

We used a comprehensive histology and physiology approach to characterize the glaucoma phenotype of

inducible knockout mice, especially focusing on retina morphology and function.

deletion resulted in persistent ocular hypertension beginning in the first month after birth and leading to decreased visual acuity with age due to glaucomatous neuropathy. In the neural retina, we identified marked and specific loss of the retinal ganglion cells, whereas other retinal neurons exhibited largely normal morphology and patterning. Electroretinogram recordings demonstrated reduced scotopic threshold response, further indicating loss of retinal ganglion cell function.

These findings highlight the potential of

conditional knockout mice as a valuable new glaucoma model.

Currently, few reliable, rapid-onset genetic glaucoma models are available, and

knockout mice will provide an additional tool for studies of IOP-induced neural damage, mechanisms of disease progression, and novel treatment strategies.

Currently, few reliable, rapid-onset genetic glaucoma models are available, and Angpt1 knockout mice will provide an additional tool for studies of IOP-induced neural damage, mechanisms of disease progression, and novel treatment strategies.

The retinal phenotype of popular mouse models mimicking ophthalmic diseases, such as the superoxide dismutase 1 (SOD1) knockout (KO) mouse model, has mainly been assessed by ex vivo histology and in vivo fundus photography. We used multifunctional optical coherence tomography (OCT) to characterize the retinas of SOD1 KO mice in vivo.

The custom-made ophthalmoscope featured a combination of conventional OCT, polarization-sensitive OCT, and OCT angiography. Seven SOD1 KO mice and nine age-matched controls were imaged between 6 and 17 months of age. A postprocessing framework was used to analyze total and outer retinal thickness changes. Drusenlike lesions were segmented, and their sizes and the number of lesions were assessed quantitatively. Their appearance in the conventional reflectivity images, as well as in the corresponding polarization-sensitive images, was characterized qualitatively.

Drusenlike lesions increased in size and number with age for SOD1 KO mice. Exploiting the multiple contrast channels, the appearance of the lesions was found to resemble pseudodrusen observed in eyes of patients suffering from dry age-related macular degeneration. The total and outer retinal thicknesses were lower on average after 11 months and 7 months in SOD1 KO mice compared with age-matched controls. Neovascularizations were found in one out of seven KO animals.

OCT imaging proved beneficial for a detailed in vivo characterization of the pathological changes in SOD1 KO mice.

Phenotyping of animal models using modern imaging concepts can be conducted with more precision and might also ease the translation of conclusions between clinical and preclinical research.

Phenotyping of animal models using modern imaging concepts can be conducted with more precision and might also ease the translation of conclusions between clinical and preclinical research.