Hernandezpenn9707
tment and prognosis.
Coculture with hematoma samples decreased KLF-2 expression in human cerebral endothelial cells. Combination therapy with atorvastatin and low-dose dexamethasone counteracted hematoma-induced KLF-2 suppression in human cerebral endothelial cells to attenuate robust endothelial inflammation and permeability. KLF-2 plays an important role in drug therapy for CSDH and may become the key factor in treatment and prognosis.The topical route of administration has many advantages for the treatment of various skin disorders as well as cosmeceutical purposes. This route bypasses hepatic first-pass effect and systemic availability of many pharmaceuticals is limited to skin organelles such as hair follicles and so could avoid unwanted adverse reactions and increase the localized therapeutic effect. Despite such attributed advantages of the topical route, the most important challenge is skin barrier characteristics that should be overcome to obtain dermal or trans-dermal drug delivery. Different approaches have been recruited to overcome this barrier. In this review, different types of nanoparticles for skin permeation enhancement and targeted delivery to skin organelles are discussed. The potential mechanisms of each nanocarrier in permeation enhancement and dermal delivery are considered and finally, the most important advantages and disadvantages of each group are summarized.
In this study, the effect of intravenous vitamin C during surgery on the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications (PPCs) in patients undergoing cardiopulmonary bypass and cardiac surgery was observed, and its protective effect on the lungs was evaluated to provide a reference for clinical medication.
Patients undergoing cardiac surgery under cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) were selected. The patients were divided into group A and group C by random sequence. Patients in group A received intravenous vitamin C 1 g 10 minutes after induction of anesthesia, 10 minutes before cardiac reanimation and at the moment of sternal closure. Patients in group C were intravenously injected with the same volume of saline at the same time. The primary outcome was the postoperative pulmonary complication severity score. Other outcomes were the incidence of PPCs, awakening time, extubation time, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, adverse events, oxygenation index (PaO
/FiO
), alveolar arterial oxygen partial pressure difference (A-aDO
), dynamic lung compliance (Cd) and static lung compliance (Cs).
Seventy patients completed the study. Compared to group C, the postoperative pulmonary complication score [2(2-3) vs 2(1-2);
=0.009] and the incidence of postoperative pulmonary complications (32.43% vs 12.12%;
=0.043) were lower in group A. There were no significant differences in awakening time, extubation time, length of ICU stay, length of hospital stay, adverse events, PaO
/FiO
, A-aDO
, Cs, and Cd between the two groups (
>0.05).
In summary, this small randomized trial including low-risk cardiac surgery patients shows that intravenous vitamin C may safely be administered and may be helpful to prevent PPCs after cardiac surgery.
In summary, this small randomized trial including low-risk cardiac surgery patients shows that intravenous vitamin C may safely be administered and may be helpful to prevent PPCs after cardiac surgery.
The efficacy of acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (AChE-I) might depend on blood concentration. While rivastigmine metabolism is independent of the cytochrome P450 system, its isoenzymes, especially CYP2D6, metabolize donepezil.
polymorphisms can cause altered enzyme activity resulting in lower or higher than expected drug concentrations of donepezil.
We investigated correlations between clinical efficacy and serum concentrations of rivastigmine and donepezil under special consideration of
genotype or gene dose-dependent metabolism of donepezil.
Serum concentrations of donepezil and rivastigmine were measured by liquid chromatography - tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). SD-208 Smad inhibitor Real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and allele-specific PCR were performed to assess
genotype and gene dose.
Patients treated with rivastigmine (n=28) or donepezil (n=48) were included in the study. Both gene dose and metabolism type significantly predicted the level of donepezil serum concentration (p=0.0e recommended range might additionally profit from CYP2D6 genotyping or treatment with an AChE-I independent of CYP metabolism.
Inflammation-induced podocyte apoptosis plays an important role in kidney injury during diabetic nephropathy (DN). Hirudin (HIR), a natural compound extracted from leeches, can inhibit inflammation. However, whether HIR can protect the kidneys against inflammation during DN is unknown. In the present study, we aimed to study the effects of HIR on kidney damage in a DN rat model and explore its anti-inflammatory properties.
A streptozotocin-induced DN rat model was generated, and HIR was administered subcutaneously. Immortal podocytes and primary peritoneal macrophages were used for vitro studies. Hematoxylin and eosin staining was used to evaluate renal pathological changes; quantitative polymerase chain reaction and immunoblotting were used to detect gene expression; and TUNEL staining was used to detect apoptotic cells.
Our results showed that HIR protected against renal injury, as indicated by kidney weight/body weight, serum creatinine, renal pathological changes, blood urea nitrogen, and detection of urine proteins. Notably, HIR treatment reduced macrophage infiltration, pro-inflammatory cytokine expression, and podocyte apoptosis in the kidney tissues of DN rats. In vitro, high glucose (HG) induced the activation of M1 macrophages, which was accompanied by increased podocyte apoptosis. HIR could decrease HG-induced podocyte apoptosis and suppress pro-inflammatory cytokine expression in podocytes in vitro. This was achieved via inhibition of p38 MAPK/NF-κB activation in renal tissues and podocytes.
HIR could inhibit inflammation via the p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway, prevent podocyte apoptosis, and protect against kidney damage in a DN rat model.
HIR could inhibit inflammation via the p38 MAPK/NF-κB pathway, prevent podocyte apoptosis, and protect against kidney damage in a DN rat model.
