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3 MPa/3.5 mL min-1 (1.485 ± 0.004 mgTT g-1 sample). No cytotoxic activity was detected in L929 cells in the extracts obtained from ethanol up to concentration of 100 μg mL-1 of extract. The Pearson's coefficient indicated that the reduction in cell viability was related to the concentration of triterpenes. Anti-inflammatory assays showed that some extracts could inhibit the inflammatory action induced in RAW 264.7 cells at concentration of 30 μg mL-1 of extract. Our results justify the further exploration of these characteristics to obtain natural products for the pharmaceutical and food industries.In the present study, creatine, creatinine, free amino acid and heterocyclic aromatic amine (HAA) contents of plain beef and chicken juices were investigated. For this aim, the boned and boneless beef and chicken juices were obtained by boiling for 3 h at 100 °C without any additives in the laboratory. Creatine and creatinine content of the beef juices varied between 1.33-3.16 mg g-1 and 1.29-1.42 mg g-1, respectively, while creatine and creatinine content of the chicken juices varied between 0.98-1.63 mg g-1 and 0.89-1.30 mg g-1, respectively. The total free amino acid content in the beef juices and the chicken juices ranged between 14.61-20.65 mg 100 gdm-1 and 19.66-57.88 mg 100 gdm-1, respectively. None of the heterocyclic aromatic amines analyzed in the present study could be detected in the beef juices and the chicken juices. Therefore, the boned and boneless beef and chicken juice can be considered as safe from the standpoint of these HAAs and are suggested to use in the preparation of meals.The present study was aimed at assessing the influence of acid hydrolysis on the physicochemical and rheological properties of β-glucan concentrate. Barley β-glucan concentrate was subjected to acid hydrolysis for 30 and 60 min. The molecular weight and viscosity were observed to be a function of hydrolysis time and decreased in a duration-based approach. Significant reduction in water binding capacity and swelling power was observed after acid hydrolysis. Acid hydrolysis dramatically altered the flow properties and a Newtonian behavior was observed for HBG60. The oscillatory measurements revealed enhanced visco-elasticity for HBG30 solutions in comparison to its native counterpart and were greatly reliant on molecular weight and concentration. DSC measurements showed reduced thermal stability of acid hydrolysates in comparison to native β-glucan concentrate. Overall, this study provides useful information on the hydration, thermal and rheological behavior of β-glucan concentrates and could be helpful in optimizing the concentration of β-glucan concentrates in food formulations.Chapatti is a flattened circular flatbread also known as roti, poli, safari, and phulka, usually baked on a hot iron griddle. It is a staple diet of India and hence the quality of chapatti plays a major role in its acceptance. The overall quality of chapatti is dependent on various attributes such as pliability, handfeel, chapatti eating quality, and taste. These attributes are influenced by numerous factors, including wheat genotypes, wheat varieties, the molecular weight distribution of proteins, and processing techniques. This staple food has been extensively studied for various aspects, including processing, mechanism, fractionation, and reconstitution, quality improver, shelf life extension and also the mechanization of processing. This review focus on all the above-mentioned aspects and innovations carried out in this area.Single-use plastic (SUP) being a versatile material, is adopted as an alternate to traditional materials specifically for the use in food packaging due to its inherent characteristics like high durability, inertness, and protecting ability but has become a curse for living being today due to its random usage and unplanned rejection to nature. Mostly plastics used in packaging of beverages, fresh meats, fruits and vegetables are under concern today. Single-use packages result in generation of several billion tons of garbage till date, which pollutes the environment. At the immediate past, it has come to light that micro plastics obtained due to slow degradation of SUP present in oceans, are also being consumed by marine organisms such as fishes and shellfish species which disturbs the marine life extensively. Hence, finding right strategy to mitigate the plastic waste related issues has becoming inevitable today. This review paper briefs various strategies undertaken worldwide to mitigate the pollution due to generation of plastic waste. Various notable impact of adopted strategies and recent innovations to replace the SUP products are also discussed and in view of this a roadmap is also suggested which can be used to achieve the milestone of Zero Plastic Waste.Using numerical simulations, we probe the fluid flow in an axisymmetric peristaltic vessel fitted with elastic bi-leaflet valves. In this biomimetic system that mimics the flow generated in lymphatic vessels, we investigate the effects of the valve and vessel properties on pumping performance of the valved peristaltic vessel. The results indicate that valves significantly increase pumping by reducing backflow. The presence of valves, however, increases the viscous resistance therefore requiring greater work compared to valveless vessels. The benefit of the valves is the most significant when the fluid is pumped against an adverse pressure gradient and for low vessel contraction wave speeds. We identify the optimum vessel and valve parameters leading to the maximum pumping efficiency. We show that the optimum valve elasticity maximizes the pumping flow rate by allowing the valve to block more effectively the backflow while maintaining low resistance during the forward flow. We also examine the pumping in vessels where the vessel contraction amplitude is a function of the adverse pressure gradient as found in lymphatic vessels. We find that in this case the flow is limited by the work generated by the contracting vessel, suggesting that the pumping in lymphatic vessels is constrained by the performance of lymphatic muscle. Given the regional heterogeneity of valve morphology observed throughout the lymphatic vasculature, these results provide insight into how these variations might facilitate efficient lymphatic transport in the vessel's local physiologic context.Organic electrosynthesis is an increasingly popular tool for driving and probing redox reactions. Recent advances in this field often employ an electrocatalyst to enhance the selectivity and efficiency of electrochemical reactions. A laboratory experiment was developed to introduce students to relevant mechanistic techniques in electrochemistry for analysis of electrocatalytic reactions using aminoxyl-catalyzed alcohol oxidation as a case study. This lab activity employs cyclic voltammetry for qualitative assessment of catalytic turnover prior to introducing students to chronoamperometry, an underutilized technique that facilitates quantitative determination of the rate of catalysis. Students identify and rationalize the important features of reversible electron transfer and a catalytic reaction in a cyclic voltammogram, probe the origin of scan rate effects on these traces, and calculate turnover frequency using a series of chronoamperograms. DIRECT RED 80 cost The method employs safe and readily available reagents basic aqueous buffer solution, alcohol substrate, and an inexpensive organic aminoxyl catalyst. Student data presented herein were obtained from a course attended by undergraduate students, graduate students, and pharmaceutical chemists.This paper argues that micro-credentials are gig credentials for the gig economy. Micro-credentials are short competency-based industry-aligned units of learning, while the gig economy comprises contingent work by individual 'suppliers'. Both can be facilitated by (often the same) digital platforms, and both are underpinned by social relations of precariousness in the labour market and in society. They are mutually reinforcing and each has the potential to amplify the other. Rather than presenting new opportunities for social inclusion and access to education, they contribute to the privatisation of education by unbundling the curriculum and blurring the line between public and private provision in higher education. They accelerate the transfer of the costs of employment preparation, induction, and progression from governments and employers to individuals. Micro-credentials contribute to 'disciplining' higher education in two ways first by building tighter links between higher education and workplace requirements (rather than whole occupations), and through ensuring universities are more 'responsive' to employer demands in a competitive market crowded with other types of providers. Instead of micro-credentials, progressive, democratic societies should seek to ensure that all members of society have access to a meaningful qualification that has value in the labour market and in society more broadly, and as a bridge to further education. This is a broader vision of education in which the purpose of education is to prepare individuals to live lives they have reason to value, and not just in the specifics required of particular jobs.To understand the experiences of the disabled in academia, a fully accessible and inclusive workshop conference was held in March 2018. Grounded in critical disability studies within a constructivist inquiry analytical approach, this article provides a contextualisation of ableism in academia garnered through creative data generation. The nuanced experiences of disabled academics in higher education as well as their collective understandings of these experiences as constructed through normalisation and able-bodiedness are presented. We show that disabled academics are marginalised and othered in academic institutions; that the neoliberalisation of higher education has created productivity expectations, which contribute to the silencing of the disabled academics' perspectives and experiences due to constructions of normality and stigmatisation; and that it is important to enact policies, procedures, and practices that value disabled academics and bring about cultural and institutional changes in favour of equality and inclusion.Education is considered to be the most effective tool that people can use to lift themselves out of poor socioeconomic backgrounds and lead to professional success, which in turn improves society. Since an education system often supports individuals with a higher socioeconomic status (SES), it may not resolve the issue of socioeconomic background impacting on career outcomes. Given the nature of the research questions, an individualistic approach is used for selecting tools. Using qualitative and quantitative analysis methods, we argue that graduates studying an 8-year engineering program fail to succeed compared to counterparts who studied a 4-year engineering program. Findings suggest that engineering graduates' socioeconomic backgrounds help them with their career advancement. A policy intervention may help to address the influence of SES on engineering education and professional employment.