Bullardmalloy2021

44, p = 0.0001) that can hamper adaptive interaction with peers and social participation hindering, in turn, clinical remediation. Face response rate in SZ patients was related to the scores on the event arrangement task tapping social cognition (Pearson product-moment correlation, r = 0.602, p = 0.01) and on picture completion task assessing visual perceptual organization (Spearman's rho = 0.614, p = 0.009). Therefore, poor performance on the face tuning task is unlikely to be accounted for by deviant general cognitive abilities, but rather by impairments in perceptual integration and social cognition. Comparison of these findings with data in autism and other neuropsychiatric conditions provides novel insights on the origins of face tuning in SZ and triggers brain imaging research. BACKGROUND & AIMS During treatment for cancer, children experience many side effects such as lack of appetite, nausea, and vomiting. As a result, ensuring adequate intake puts pressure on both the child and the parent. This study aims to determine the prevalence, causes and consequences of eating and feeding problems in children treated for cancer. MK-125 METHODS Parents of 85 children with cancer completed the Behavioral Pediatrics Feeding Assessment Scale (BPFAS) and symptoms, BMI, energy intake, feeding style, and parental distress were measured at 0, 3, 6 and 12 months after diagnosis. RESULTS Parent-reports revealed that almost a quarter of the children experienced eating disorder 15.7% experienced problems related to diminished intake and 8.6% related to excessive intake. Prevalence of feeding disorders related to parents' behavior was 21.1%. In children less then 8 years prevalence of eating and feeding disorders was significantly higher 31% and 36% for child and parent behavior respectively. Younger age, poor pre-illness eating behavior, increase in symptoms and a demanding feeding style were associated with more eating problems. Excessive eating resulted in higher energy intake, however, no association was found between eating problems and nutritional status. Food refusal resulted in more parental distress. CONCLUSIONS Especially younger children with cancer are at risk for eating and feeding problems. In addition, poor pre-illness eating behavior, symptoms and a demanding feeding style aggravate eating problems. Therefore, interventions should focus at diminishing side effects of treatment and instructing parents to be less demanding regarding their child's eating behavior. BACKGROUND A four-compartment (4C) model quantifies fat, water, mineral and residual. As such, 4C models are more accurate than two-compartment (2C) models based off cadaver reference values (RV), which necessitate assumptions regarding fat-free mass (FFM) characteristics. Nonetheless, research has yet to determine whether the FFM characteristics of Hispanics are similar to non-Hispanic Caucasians and RV. AIM The aim of this analysis was to compare the FFM characteristics of Hispanics to non-Hispanic Caucasians and cadaver RV. METHODS Data from 2 separate research centers were pooled to create a sample of 100 and 119 Hispanic males and females (age 18-54 yrs; BMI 16.46-42.27 kg/m2), respectively, and 47 and 55 non-Hispanic Caucasian males and females (age 18-54 yrs; BMI 16.00-36.67 kg/m2), respectively (n = 331). A 4C model was determined using bioimpedance analysis for hydration, dual energy X-ray absorptiometry for mineral, and air displacement plethysmography for body density (4C-ADP). FFM was calculated via the 4C-ADP and FFM characteristics (i.e., density [DFFM], water [TBWFFM], bone mineral [MoFFM], and residual [RFFM]) were compared between sexes and ethnicities using a one-way ANOVA and against RV via a one sample t-test. RESULTS In Hispanics, all FFM characteristics significantly differed from cadaver RV (all p  0.05). All of the ethnicity comparisons within males were statistically significant (all p  less then  0.05). Moreover, ethnicity comparisons within females were statistically significant for all comparisons other than MoFFM (p = 0.258). CONCLUSION The observed differences in FFM characteristics of Hispanics as compared to non-Hispanics Caucasians and reference values indicate that allied health professionals should employ appropriate caution when estimating body composition via 2C models in Hispanic populations. BACKGROUND & AIMS Sarcopenia is associated with a higher rate of complications and is an independent predictor of poor outcomes in cirrhosis. The aim of this study was to investigate the association between sarcopenia and the risk of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) among patients with cirrhosis. METHODS Four hundred and ninety-two patients with cirrhosis and no evidence of HCC from 2008 to 2017 were enrolled, who had baseline abdominal computed tomography (CT) analyzed for identification of sarcopenia according to the previously established sex-specific cutoffs. The main endpoint of follow-up was the occurrence of HCC. RESULTS The majority of patients were male (365/492, 74.2%), and sarcopenia were present in 238 (48.4%) patients at baseline. During a median follow-up of 3.6 years, 54 (11.0%) patients developed HCC. The cumulative incidence of HCC was significantly higher in male patients with sarcopenia than those without sarcopenia (P = 0.001), but not in female patients (P = 0.26). Multivariate Cox regression analysis showed that sarcopenia (hazard ratio [HR], 2.27; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.09-4.74) was a significant independent factor for HCC development in male patients with cirrhosis, which was consistently identified through competing-risk analysis (subdistribution HR, 2.20; 95% CI, 1.02-4.72). After propensity score matching, male cirrhotic patients with sarcopenia still had a higher risk of HCC than those without sarcopenia (P = 0.02). CONCLUSION Sarcopenia is associated with an increased risk of developing HCC among male patients with cirrhosis. Therefore, nutritional assessment and necessary interventions in specific cirrhotic patients need to be valued. BACKGROUND Growing evidence suggested that lifestyle factors including dietary habits may influence the telomere length which is a reliable marker of biological aging and predictor for chronic diseases. However, the role of dietary selenium intake in telomere length maintenance is rarely examined. OBJECTIVE We aimed to test the relationship between dietary selenium intake and telomere length among middle-aged and older adults in America. METHODS A total of 3194 United States adults older than 45 years old were extracted from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) in 1999-2000 and 2001-2002. Leukocyte telomere length was measured using the quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Dietary selenium intake was assessed by a trained interviewer using 24-h dietary recall method. Generalized linear models were performed to evaluate the association of dietary selenium intake with telomere length. The restricted cubic spline analysis was used to further explore the nonlinear dose-response relationship between dietary selenium intake and telomere length. RESULTS After adjusting potential confounders, every 20 μg increase in dietary selenium intake was associated with 0.42% (95% CI 0.02%, 0.82%) longer telomere length in all participants. In the subgroup analyses, dietary selenium intake was related to longer telomere length in females (Percentage change 0.87%; 95% CI 0.26%, 1.49%) and non-obese participants (Percentage change 0.53%; 95% CI 0.04%, 1.02%), but not in males (Percentage change 0.04%; 95% CI -0.49%, 0.57%) and obese participants (Percentage change 0.21%; 95% CI -0.47%, 0.91%). The restricted cubic spline analysis showed a linear association between dietary selenium intake and telomere length. CONCLUSIONS This study indicated that the increased dietary selenium intake was associated with longer telomere length among middle-aged and older adults in America. These findings require further corroboration from future prospective studies. BACKGROUND The objective was to examine the reasons smokers have discontinued or chosen not to use electronic nicotine delivery systems (ENDS). METHODS Data were obtained from a national probability sample of 1843 US adult current smokers who were not current ENDS users pooled from the 2017 and 2018 annual, cross-sectional Tobacco Products and Risk Perceptions Surveys. Participants reported their ENDS use, reasons for discontinuing or not initiating ENDS use, quit smoking intentions, perceptions, and use intentions. Weighted proportions and logistic regression models were estimated. RESULTS Twenty-three percent of smokers were former ENDS users who reported prior "regular use", and 7.5% were former ENDS users who reported regular use. Three most cited reasons for discontinuing ENDS were ENDS "didn't feel like smoking" (23%), "only ever tried them to see what they were like" (20%), and "didn't help me deal with cravings for smoking" (14%). Reasons for discontinuing ENDS were associated with the regularity of former ENDS use and ENDS type. Nearly 40% of current smokers had not tried ENDS with the most commonly cited reasons being not wanting to substitute one addiction for another (60%), concerns about their safety (53%), skepticism that ENDS could help them quit smoking (52%), and cost (43%). Reasons were associated with smoking quit intentions, harm perceptions, and age. CONCLUSION Whereas smokers who had formerly used ENDS cited inadequate craving reduction or incomparability to smoking for their discontinuation, the larger segment of smokers who have never used ENDS cited "safety," "effectiveness," and "costs" as reasons for non-use. V.Processing regular patterns in auditory scenes is important for navigating complex environments. Electroencephalography studies find enhancement of sustained brain activity, correlating with the emergence of a regular pattern in sounds. How aging, aging-related diseases such as Parkinson's disease (PD), and treatment of PD with dopaminergic therapy affect this fundamental function remain unknown. We addressed this knowledge gap. Healthy younger and older adults and patients with PD listened to sounds that contained or were devoid of regular patterns. Healthy older adults and patients with PD were tested twice-off and on dopaminergic medication, in counterbalanced order. link2 Regularity-evoked, sustained electroencephalography activity was reduced in older, compared with younger adults. Patients with PD and older controls evidenced comparable attenuation of the sustained response. Dopaminergic therapy further weakened the sustained response in both older controls and patients with PD. These findings suggest that fundamental regularity processing is impacted by aging but not specifically by PD. The finding that dopaminergic therapy attenuates rather than improves the sustained response coheres with the dopamine overdose response and is in line with previous findings that regularity processing implicates brain regions receiving dopamine from the ventral tegmental area that is relatively spared in PD and normal aging. Mesial temporal lobe (MTL) is prominently affected in normal aging and associated with neurodegeneration in AD. link3 Whether or not MTL atrophy is dependent on increasing amyloid load before the emergence of cognitive deficits is still disputed. We performed a 4.5-year longitudinal study in 75 older community dwellers (48 women, mean age 79.3 years) including magnetic resonance imaging at baseline and follow-up, positron emission tomography amyloid during follow-up, neuropsychological assessment at 18 and 55 months, and APOE genotyping. Linear regression models were used to identify predictors of the MTL volume loss. Amyloid load was negatively associated with bilateral MTL volume at baseline explaining almost 10.5% of its variability. In multivariate models including time of follow-up and demographic variables (older age, male gender), this percentage exceeded 35%. The APOE4 allele independently contributed another 6%. Cognitive changes had a modest but still significant negative association with MTL volume loss.